Biomolecules NCERT Flashcards
Acid soluble pool or filtrate from a living tissue is rich in
Organic compounds
The carbon compounds extracted from living tissues are called
Biomolecules
A fully burnt tissue i.e., ash will give you access to ____________ elements
Inorganic elements
The predominant element in human body, after oxygen is
Carbon
Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon i.e., the α-carbon.Hence, they are called ________
α-amino acids
Alpha amino acids are substituted _______
Methanes
Amino acids which occur in proteins are only ____ in number.
Twenty
The R group of glycine is
Hydrogen
The amino acid possessing methyl group as an R group is
Alanine
The R group of serine is
Hydroxy methyl
Chemically, glutamic acid is an
Acidic amino acid
An example of a basic amino acid is
Lysine
The charge on valine under normal conditions is
Zero
The three aromatic amino acids are
Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan
Structurally, phenylalanine is an
Aromatic amino acid
The two ionizable groups of amino acids are particularly ________ and _______
-COOH and -NH2
The net charge on zwitter-ionic form of an amino acid is
Zero
Simple fatty acids which are not soluble in water are called
Lipids
In a fatty acid, the R group is attached to a __________ group.
Carboxyl
Carbon atoms in an R group of fatty acid, excluding carboxyl carbon, can vary upto
19
A fatty acid containing 16 carbons in total is named as
Palmitic acid
Carbon atoms present in arachidonic acid are
20
Fatty acids without double bond are called.
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more ______________ bonds.
C=C double
Glycerol is a common name for ________
Trihydroxy propane
Monoglycerides are composed of both ______ and ________
Fatty acids and glycerol
Oils remain as liquid even during winter due to
Low melting point
Lecithin is an example of
Phospholipid
The tissues having lipids with more complex structures are
Neural tissues
A nitrogen base attached to sugar forms a
Nucleoside
Nucleotide is composed of nucleoside and __________
phosphate group
Uridine is a
Nucleoside
A phosphate group attached to thymidine forms _______
Thymidylic acid (a nucleotide)
The building block of DNA and RNA is
Nucleotide
In nucleotide, phosphate group is attached to
Sugar
The two most abundant elements found in living organisms, other than oxygen, are
Carbon and nitrogen
The metabolite compounds other than primary metabolites found in plants, fungal and microbial cells are called _________.
Secondary metabolites
Morphine and codeine are secondary metabolites categorized under __________
Alkaloids
The two secondary metabolites which function as plant pigments are ___________ and ___________
Carotenoids and anthocyanins
A terpenoid of ecological importance is
Monoterpenes or diterpenes
Name three compounds which are secondary metabolites used as polymeric substances
Rubber, gum and cellulose
The metabolites which are important for normal physiological processes are
Primary metabolites
A toxin produced as a secondary metabolite is
Ricin or abrin
Antibiotics and spices are the examples of
Secondary metabolites
The molecular weight of compounds in an acid-soluble pool ranges from
18-800 daltons
The biomolecules having a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons are referred to as
Micromolecules
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides are found in acid _________ fraction
Insoluble
The compound of acid insoluble pool which is not a polymeric substance, is
Lipids
The molecular weight of a lipid molecule does not exceed __________ daltons
800
Compounds in acid insoluble pool with the exception of _______, have molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above.
lipids
Acid insoluble pool includes macromolecules from both ___________ and __________.
Cytoplasm and organelles
The most abundant chemical found in living organisms is
Water
Proteins are linear chains of
Amino acids
Aminoacids in a polypeptide are linked by _________
Peptide bond
The type of amino acids supplied through our diet are called
Essential amino acids
The building blocks of enzymes and some hormones are
Proteins
Protein which enables glucose transport in cells is
GLUT-4
The most abundant protein in animal world is
Collagen
The most abundant protein in whole biosphere is
RuBisCO
Polysaccharides are macromolecules that are composed of ________.
Sugars
Cellulose is a polymer of
Glucose
Polymer of fructose is known as
Inulin
The storehouse of energy in plant tissues is
Starch
The molecules starch can hold in its helical structure are
I2 (Iodine)
Plant cell walls are made of ______
Cellulose
The major component of paper and cotton fibre is
Cellulose
Exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of
Chitin
Exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of
Chitin
The fraction of living tissue in which nucleic acids are found is
Acid insoluble pool
The building block of nucleic acid is
Nucleotide
Nucleotide is composed of a heterocyclic compound, monosaccharide and ________
Phosphate group
The heterocyclic component of nucelotide is
Nitrogenous base
Adenine and guanine are substituted _______
Purines
Cytosine is a substituted _________
Pyrimidine
The sugar found in RNA is
Ribose or a monosaccharide pentose
The sugar found in DNA is
2’ deoxyribose
The pyrimidines found in nucleic acid are ________, _________ and ______
Cytosine, uracil and thymine
The structure of protein depicting the sequence of amino acids is
Primary structure
The first amino acid of a polypeptide chain is referred as
N-terminal amino acid
The last entity of the primary structure of protein is
C-terminal amino acid
The type of helix observed in secondary structure of protein is
Right-handed helix
The protein structure which gives a 3-dimensional view is
Tertiary structure
The structure of protein required for most of biological activities is
Tertiary structure
Proteins arranged as linear string of spheres and spheres arranged upon one another gives _____________ structure
Quarternary
The two types of subunits making up adult human haemoglobin are ________ and _______
Alpha and beta
Total number of subunits making up the structure of adult human haemoglobin is
Four
The chemical process involved in the formation of a peptide bond is
Dehydration
A peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and __________ group of next amino acid
Amino
The molecule that gets eliminated during the formation of peptide bond is
Water
Individual monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are linked together by
Glycosidic bond
Formation of glycosidic bond leads to the elimination of
Water molecule
The bond between phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar in a nucleic acid is
Ester bond
Nucleotides in a nucleic acid are linked by
Phosphodiester bond
According to Watson Crick model, DNA exists in secondary structure as
Double helix
The backbone of DNA is formed by
Sugar phosphate sugar chain
The component of nucleic acid projecting inwards in DNA helix is
Nitrogenous base
In DNA, A and T are linked to each other by
Two hydrogen bonds
G and C in a nucleic acid are bonded by
Three hydrogen bonds
The number of base pairs involved in one full turn of helical strand are
10
The pitch of DNA helix is
34 Å
The rise per base pair in B-DNA is
3.4 Å
Metabolites are converted into each other in a series of linked reactions called
Metabolic pathways
The catalysts which increase the rate of metabolic reaction in living systems are called.
Enzymes
Enzymes are composed of
Proteins
Metabolic pathways that lead to synthesis of complex structures from simpler structures are called
Anabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that involve degradation of complex substances to yield simpler structures are called
Catabolic pathways
During anabolic reactions, energy is
Consumed
Degradation of glucose to lactic acid in skeletal muscles is an example of
Catabolic pathways
The most important energy currency of living systems is
ATP
The concentration of glucose in blood of a normal healthy individual is ________ mmol/L.
4.2-6.1
The nucleic acids that behave as enzymes are called
Ribozymes
The structure of enzyme that depicts its active site is
Tertiary structure
The site of enzyme where the substrate fits is called
Active site
The catalysts that can work at high temperatures and high pressures are
Inorganic catalysts
The catalysts which get damaged at high temperatures are
Enzymes
Rate of reaction doubles or decreases by half for every ____ change in either direction
10°C
The enzyme catalysing the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is
Carbonic anhydrase
Under anaerobic conditions, glucose in skeletal muscles is converted to _______
Lactic acid
In yeast, during fermentation, breakdown of glucose leads to the formation of
Ethanol
What is converted by enzymes into product?
Substrate
Transition state structure is formed when substrate binds to ______ site
Enzyme active
The formation of which complex in an enzymatic process is a transient phenomenon?
ES complex
When energy of product is lower than that of substrate, the reaction is
Exothermic
The difference in energy content of ‘S’ from that of transition state is called
Activation energy
Formation of which complex is essential for catalysis in a chemical reaction?
ES complex
Enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature called
Optimum temperature
Enzyme remains inactive at low temperature while enzymatic structure denatures at __________ temperatures.
High
Velocity of an enzymatic reaction do not exceed beyond ________
Maximum velocity
When an inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as
Competitive inhibitor
Malonate closely resembles the substrate_______
Succinate
Dehydrogenases generally catalyse the reaction of ________
Oxidoreduction
Enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis fall under the class -
Hydrolases
Enzymes that catalyze removal of groups from substrate by a mechanism other than hydrolysis, leaving double bonds, are categorized under class -
Lyases
Enzymes that catalyze removal of groups from substrate by a mechanism other than hydrolysis, leaving double bonds, are categorized under class -
Lyases
Reaction linking together two compounds are catalysed by
Ligases
Enzymes involved in interconversion of optical, geometric, or positional isomers are
Isomerases
Non-protein constituents that are bound to enzymes to make them catalytically active are called
Co-factors
The protein part of enzymes is called
Apoenzyme
Prosthetic groups, coenzymes, and metal ions are
Co-factors
The cofactors that are organic compounds tightly bound to Apoenzyme are known as
Prosthetic groups
The prosthetic group in peroxidase and catalase which catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is
Haem
The organic compounds whose association with apoenzyme is transient, usually occurring during the course of catalysis are known as _________
Co-enzymes
Coenzyme NAD contains vitamin -
Niacin
The bonds formed by metal ions during their association with active site as well as substrate are
Coordination bonds
The metal ion acting as a cofactor for carboxypeptidase is
Zinc
Write the name of amino acid which does not contain a chiral center.
NH2-CH2-COOH (glycine)
