stoekel- parasites Flashcards
what is a Consequence of prolonged, repeated, or high burden parasitic infection
Parasitic disease
parasitic diseases are usually ______ or ______, and rarely fatal
subacute or chronic
Two parasite types:
protozoa and helminths
Humans are __________ hosts for some parasites
dead-end
Cryptosporidium, Mastigophora and Apicomplexa are all examples of ________
protozoa
Roundworms, and flatworms are both _______
helminths
development of helminths take place outside of humans (__________) in insect vectors or animal reservoirs (______________)
human- (definitive hosts)
Insect vectors or animal reservoirs- (intermediate hosts)
T/F: Disease from helminths is not a consequence of parasitic replication
True- its caused by Parasitic burden
parasitic infections are most common in what parts of the world? what group of people are at the highest risk for acquiring parasitic diseases
- undeveloped AND developed world
- immunocompromised individuals are at highest risk for parasitic disease (not to be confused with infection)
Toxoplasma gondii and hookworm _________ are prevalent
infections (NOT disease)
protozoa are __________ eukaryotes
one-cell
what is the cause of protozoa diseases?
consequence of parasite replication to high numbers
what are the 2 categories of protozoa diseases?
- intracellular
- Extracellular (GI tract)
Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Trichomonas are all species of which genus?
Mastigophora (these are all flagellated protozoa)
Apicomplexa produce _________ following sexual reproduction
sporozoites
what causes Helminths (worms) to be extracellular?
due to large size
Protozoa vs. Helminths: how does each cause disease
protozoa- replication
helminths- parasitic burden due to the # of wormies
what are the 2 types of flatworms?
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)
T/F: all parasitic infections are harmful to the host
False- remember the noble & caring hookworm
how can hookworms be beneficial to a human host?
- they are a probiotic for asthma
- Represses astma when it represses to spread
what are the possible downsides to a hookworm infection?
Chronic anemia- hookworms feed on blood
Tapeworms will infect what part of a human? how are they acquired?
- infect intestines
- from eating raw or undercooked meat or fish
the most severe tapeworm infections can lead to what?
deep tissue infections
Trichinella spiralis will eventually make its way into what part of the human host?
cross the mucosa to enter the lymphatics and blood
the symptoms for a Blood fluke infection will depend on _______. how are these little fuckers spread?
depends on geographic location
-spread through snails
blood flukes moves in _____
pairs
allows for easy sexual reproduction in the human host
Filariasis species can be transmitted by what vectors?
- black flies
- mosquitos
what is the difference between a definitive host, reservoir, and a vector?
Definitive hosts- Where the organism reaches maturity
Reservoir- Asymptomatic host where the organism reproduced
Vectors- the organism used for spread
In intermediate hosts, parasites do not ________
reproduce
think of intermediates as like a layover between flights. just a place to wait till they get to their definitive host
why are vaccines for helminths difficult to produce?
- Continually altered antigens
* Coat themselves with self antigen
parasites that target __________ cells are of the greatest concern
red blood cells
which parasites will target human RBC’s?
1) malaria (mosquitos)
2) Babesia (ticks)
which parasite is known to cause miscarriages?
toxoplasma
-comes from cat poop
toxoplasma can affect human _____, and is linked with what other disease?
- affect human behavior
- linked with schizophrenia
Leishmania are transmitted by ________
sand flies
what form of Leishmania is resistant to lysosomal destruction?
amastigote phase (no flagella)
Trypanosomes is also known as “_______ disease” and is transmitted by which critter?
Chagas’ disease
-transmitted by “kissing” bug
African sleeping sickness is caused by what parasite?
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma brucei can cause _____ and __________ damage
brain and spinal cord
Giardia lamblia is an _______ parasite
intestinal
how is Trichomonas vaginalis spread?
by bumping uglies (sex)
Entamoeba histolytica will destroy_______ of the host
tissue (targets the colon)
______ is the most frequent pathogen infections (Southern US)
Ascaris
whatever. this is all I’m doing. hope this helps.
fuck. you. Stoeckel.
what type of mastigophora was responsible for the infection of over 400,000 residents of milwaukee?
Cryptosporidium
it made it into the drinking water system
Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) are Important in transmission of _________
infections
all Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) are ________
parasitic
Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii both belong to which protozoa family?
Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
roundworms are also known as “_________”
nematodes
Flatworms bodies are thin and ________, while roundworms bodies are rounded and ________
flatworms- often segmented
roundworms- unsegmented
Treatment & prevention of helminths:
1) Chemoprophylaxis – preventative drugs
2) immunization
3) Field control measures (like spraying for bugs)
_______ is the most important of all protozoan diseases
Malaria
what kind of damages is caused by malaria (Plasmodium)?
-Simultaneous lysis of many rbcs and release of large number of merozoites and other parasitic molecules every 48 -72 hours
- leads to huge rush of cytokines
- Fever, edema, anemia, shock
once Plasmodium enters your bloodstream, it will travel to the _________
liver- Multiply and mature
once the Plasmodium has matured in the liver, they are release to blood as _________
merozoites
what was the original drug is used to treat malaria?
Chloroquine- Target parasite’s food vacuole where hemoglobin is degraded
Intercellular protozoa characteristics:
- Unable to withstand environmental dessication (drying)
- Life cycles do not include free environmental stage
extracellular protozoa characteristics:
-Often transmitted by fecal-oral route
-Life cycles alternate between two forms:
A) active trophozoite
B) Dormant cyst
