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Immuno/micro final > stoekel- parasites > Flashcards

stoekel- parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what is a Consequence of prolonged, repeated, or high burden parasitic infection

A

Parasitic disease

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2
Q

parasitic diseases are usually ______ or ______, and rarely fatal

A

subacute or chronic

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3
Q

Two parasite types:

A

protozoa and helminths

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4
Q

Humans are __________ hosts for some parasites

A

dead-end

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5
Q

Cryptosporidium, Mastigophora and Apicomplexa are all examples of ________

A

protozoa

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6
Q

Roundworms, and flatworms are both _______

A

helminths

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7
Q

development of helminths take place outside of humans (__________) in insect vectors or animal reservoirs (______________)

A

human- (definitive hosts)

Insect vectors or animal reservoirs- (intermediate hosts)

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8
Q

T/F: Disease from helminths is not a consequence of parasitic replication

A

True- its caused by Parasitic burden

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9
Q

parasitic infections are most common in what parts of the world? what group of people are at the highest risk for acquiring parasitic diseases

A
  • undeveloped AND developed world

- immunocompromised individuals are at highest risk for parasitic disease (not to be confused with infection)

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10
Q

Toxoplasma gondii and hookworm _________ are prevalent

A

infections (NOT disease)

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11
Q

protozoa are __________ eukaryotes

A

one-cell

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12
Q

what is the cause of protozoa diseases?

A

consequence of parasite replication to high numbers

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13
Q

what are the 2 categories of protozoa diseases?

A
  • intracellular

- Extracellular (GI tract)

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14
Q

Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Trichomonas are all species of which genus?

A

Mastigophora (these are all flagellated protozoa)

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15
Q

Apicomplexa produce _________ following sexual reproduction

A

sporozoites

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16
Q

what causes Helminths (worms) to be extracellular?

A

due to large size

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17
Q

Protozoa vs. Helminths: how does each cause disease

A

protozoa- replication

helminths- parasitic burden due to the # of wormies

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of flatworms?

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)

Trematodes (flukes)

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19
Q

T/F: all parasitic infections are harmful to the host

A

False- remember the noble & caring hookworm

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20
Q

how can hookworms be beneficial to a human host?

A
  • they are a probiotic for asthma

- Represses astma when it represses to spread

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21
Q

what are the possible downsides to a hookworm infection?

A

Chronic anemia- hookworms feed on blood

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22
Q

Tapeworms will infect what part of a human? how are they acquired?

A
  • infect intestines

- from eating raw or undercooked meat or fish

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23
Q

the most severe tapeworm infections can lead to what?

A

deep tissue infections

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24
Q

Trichinella spiralis will eventually make its way into what part of the human host?

A

cross the mucosa to enter the lymphatics and blood

25
Q

the symptoms for a Blood fluke infection will depend on _______. how are these little fuckers spread?

A

depends on geographic location

-spread through snails

26
Q

blood flukes moves in _____

A

pairs

allows for easy sexual reproduction in the human host

27
Q

Filariasis species can be transmitted by what vectors?

A
  • black flies

- mosquitos

28
Q

what is the difference between a definitive host, reservoir, and a vector?

A

Definitive hosts- Where the organism reaches maturity

Reservoir- Asymptomatic host where the organism reproduced

Vectors- the organism used for spread

29
Q

In intermediate hosts, parasites do not ________

A

reproduce

think of intermediates as like a layover between flights. just a place to wait till they get to their definitive host

30
Q

why are vaccines for helminths difficult to produce?

A
  • Continually altered antigens

* Coat themselves with self antigen

31
Q

parasites that target __________ cells are of the greatest concern

A

red blood cells

32
Q

which parasites will target human RBC’s?

A

1) malaria (mosquitos)

2) Babesia (ticks)

33
Q

which parasite is known to cause miscarriages?

A

toxoplasma

-comes from cat poop

34
Q

toxoplasma can affect human _____, and is linked with what other disease?

A
  • affect human behavior

- linked with schizophrenia

35
Q

Leishmania are transmitted by ________

A

sand flies

36
Q

what form of Leishmania is resistant to lysosomal destruction?

A

amastigote phase (no flagella)

37
Q

Trypanosomes is also known as “_______ disease” and is transmitted by which critter?

A

Chagas’ disease

-transmitted by “kissing” bug

38
Q

African sleeping sickness is caused by what parasite?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

39
Q

Trypanosoma brucei can cause _____ and __________ damage

A

brain and spinal cord

40
Q

Giardia lamblia is an _______ parasite

A

intestinal

41
Q

how is Trichomonas vaginalis spread?

A

by bumping uglies (sex)

42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica will destroy_______ of the host

A

tissue (targets the colon)

43
Q

______ is the most frequent pathogen infections (Southern US)

A

Ascaris

44
Q

whatever. this is all I’m doing. hope this helps.

A

fuck. you. Stoeckel.

45
Q

what type of mastigophora was responsible for the infection of over 400,000 residents of milwaukee?

A

Cryptosporidium

it made it into the drinking water system

46
Q

Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) are Important in transmission of _________

A

infections

47
Q

all Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) are ________

A

parasitic

48
Q

Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii both belong to which protozoa family?

A

Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)

49
Q

roundworms are also known as “_________”

A

nematodes

50
Q

Flatworms bodies are thin and ________, while roundworms bodies are rounded and ________

A

flatworms- often segmented

roundworms- unsegmented

51
Q

Treatment & prevention of helminths:

A

1) Chemoprophylaxis – preventative drugs
2) immunization
3) Field control measures (like spraying for bugs)

52
Q

_______ is the most important of all protozoan diseases

A

Malaria

53
Q

what kind of damages is caused by malaria (Plasmodium)?

A

-Simultaneous lysis of many rbcs and release of large number of merozoites and other parasitic molecules every 48 -72 hours

  • leads to huge rush of cytokines
  • Fever, edema, anemia, shock
54
Q

once Plasmodium enters your bloodstream, it will travel to the _________

A

liver- Multiply and mature

55
Q

once the Plasmodium has matured in the liver, they are release to blood as _________

A

merozoites

56
Q

what was the original drug is used to treat malaria?

A

Chloroquine- Target parasite’s food vacuole where hemoglobin is degraded

57
Q

Intercellular protozoa characteristics:

A
  • Unable to withstand environmental dessication (drying)

- Life cycles do not include free environmental stage

58
Q

extracellular protozoa characteristics:

A

-Often transmitted by fecal-oral route

-Life cycles alternate between two forms:
A) active trophozoite
B) Dormant cyst

Immuno/micro final (16 decks)

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