Middleton- antivirals & vaccines

Question 1

Antivirals must be active against _________, but not normal cellular function to reduce toxicity

Answer 1

viral replication

Question 2

Enfuvirtide works on HIV by inhibiting what?

Answer 2

membrane fusion

Question 3

Amantadine & rimantadine target which virus?

Answer 3

influenza

Question 4

Amantadine & rimantadine work by preventing _______ release

Answer 4

nucleocapsid

Question 5

Nucleoside analogs act as ____________

Answer 5

chain terminators

Question 6

what drug is used to treat herpesvirus infections by acting like a nucleoside analog?

Answer 6

Acyclovir

Question 7

Acyclovir is most effective against ________, and least effective on _______

Answer 7

most effective on HSV-1 & HSV-2

least effective on CMV

Question 8

Acyclovir acts as a ______ inhibitor for herpesvirus infections

Answer 8

nucleoside- it will inhibit the action of the viral kinase

Question 9

Foscarnet treats herpesvirus infections by preventing the activity of what?

Answer 9

viral polymerase

Question 10

Ribovarin is an inhibitor of what?

Answer 10

RNA viruses

Question 11

_______ is an example of an antiviral that prevents viral proteases

Answer 11

ritonavir

used to treat HIV—- virus can’t mature

Question 12

what are the challenges of antivirals?

Answer 12

A) bioavailability
B) specificity
C) toxicity

Question 13

what is an example of a natural antiviral?

Answer 13

Interferons

Question 14

Interferons are most effective against ______

Answer 14

RNA viruses (less with DNA)

Question 15

what are the 2 forms of immunization

Answer 15

Active immunization- administering all/part of a pathogenic agent

Passive immunization- administering exogenously produced antibodies

Question 16

what are the 2 forms of vaccines?

Answer 16

1) live, attenuated

2) killed

Question 17

_______ is possible complication with live, attenuated vaccines

Answer 17

Reversion

Question 18

what are the three important immune cell types in vaccination?

Answer 18

B cells

CD8+ T-cells

CD4+ T-cells

Question 19

Vaccines utilizing B cell and T cell immunity including secretory IgA:

Answer 19

• Influenza
• Polio
• oral typhoid

Question 20

young children and the elderly may not be able to respond to _____________ vaccines

Answer 20

live, attenuated

Question 21

which antiviral is most effective against CMV? (hint: it interferes with cellular kinases)

Answer 21

Ganciclovir

Question 22

___________ is similar to Acyclovir, but has better oral bio-availability

Answer 22

Valganciclovir

Question 23

there are 3 antivirals for herpesviruses whose name ends in “clovir.” what are these 3 “clovir” antivirals?

Answer 23

1) Acyclovir (HSV-1 & 2)
2) Ganciclovir (great on CMV)
3) Valganciclovir (similar to acyclovir)

Question 24

antivirals are more toxic to the host if they interfere with host cell _______

Answer 24

polymerases

remember- all these herpesviruses are dsDNA- they need polymerase for replication

Question 25

what are the pros/cons of using nucleoside inhibitors when treating HIV and HBV?

Answer 25

• good oral availability (+)
• toxicity toward host cells (-)
• resistance is often an issue (-)

Question 26

most virus vaccines are in the ________ form

Answer 26

live, attenuated

Question 27

a majority of bacterial vaccines are given as _______ or _________ forms

Answer 27

-killed

or

-subunit

Question 28

why is the killed form of the polio virus the preferred vaccine in the United States?

Answer 28

• Because rate of polio is so low in the US

- avoids risk of VAPP from other forms (rare side effect- causes paralysis)