Middleton- antivirals & vaccines Flashcards
Antivirals must be active against _________, but not normal cellular function to reduce toxicity
viral replication
Enfuvirtide works on HIV by inhibiting what?
membrane fusion
Amantadine & rimantadine target which virus?
influenza
Amantadine & rimantadine work by preventing _______ release
nucleocapsid
Nucleoside analogs act as ____________
chain terminators
what drug is used to treat herpesvirus infections by acting like a nucleoside analog?
Acyclovir
Acyclovir is most effective against ________, and least effective on _______
most effective on HSV-1 & HSV-2
least effective on CMV
Acyclovir acts as a ______ inhibitor for herpesvirus infections
nucleoside- it will inhibit the action of the viral kinase
Foscarnet treats herpesvirus infections by preventing the activity of what?
viral polymerase
Ribovarin is an inhibitor of what?
RNA viruses
_______ is an example of an antiviral that prevents viral proteases
ritonavir
used to treat HIV—- virus can’t mature
what are the challenges of antivirals?
A) bioavailability
B) specificity
C) toxicity
what is an example of a natural antiviral?
Interferons
Interferons are most effective against ______
RNA viruses (less with DNA)
what are the 2 forms of immunization
Active immunization- administering all/part of a pathogenic agent
Passive immunization- administering exogenously produced antibodies
what are the 2 forms of vaccines?
1) live, attenuated
2) killed
_______ is possible complication with live, attenuated vaccines
Reversion
what are the three important immune cell types in vaccination?
B cells
CD8+ T-cells
CD4+ T-cells
Vaccines utilizing B cell and T cell immunity including secretory IgA:
- Influenza
- Polio
- oral typhoid
young children and the elderly may not be able to respond to _____________ vaccines
live, attenuated
which antiviral is most effective against CMV? (hint: it interferes with cellular kinases)
Ganciclovir
___________ is similar to Acyclovir, but has better oral bio-availability
Valganciclovir
there are 3 antivirals for herpesviruses whose name ends in “clovir.” what are these 3 “clovir” antivirals?
1) Acyclovir (HSV-1 & 2)
2) Ganciclovir (great on CMV)
3) Valganciclovir (similar to acyclovir)
antivirals are more toxic to the host if they interfere with host cell _______
polymerases
remember- all these herpesviruses are dsDNA- they need polymerase for replication
what are the pros/cons of using nucleoside inhibitors when treating HIV and HBV?
- good oral availability (+)
- toxicity toward host cells (-)
- resistance is often an issue (-)
most virus vaccines are in the ________ form
live, attenuated
a majority of bacterial vaccines are given as _______ or _________ forms
-killed
or
-subunit
why is the killed form of the polio virus the preferred vaccine in the United States?
- Because rate of polio is so low in the US
- avoids risk of VAPP from other forms (rare side effect- causes paralysis)
