Stoeckel- Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Listeria

Question 1

Haemophilus species are small, gram-_____ bacteria that colonize what part of humans?

Answer 1

gram-negative

colonize upper reps track of almost everyone

Question 2

T/F: influenza is caused by H. influenzae

Answer 2

False: influenza is caused by a virus

Question 3

what 2 things does H. influenzae require for growth?

Answer 3

Hemin (x factor)

NAD+ (V factor)

Question 4

what makes H. influenzae different from other Haemophilus species?

Answer 4

it requires Hemin to grow
-requires lysed blood
(others just need NAD+)

Question 5

H. influenzae type ____ is most virulent. it causes what diseases in children?

Answer 5

Type b (Hib)
-causes bacteremia (bloodstream) and meningitis in children

Question 6

___-_____ strains of H. influenzae are frequently causes of respiratory tract diseases in humans

Answer 6

Non-typeable

Question 7

Haemophilus virulence factors: what is the PRP capsule? its role in virulence?

Answer 7

Polyribosyl Ribitol Phosphate

resists phagocytosis

basis for Hib vaccine

Question 8

The endotoxin of Haemophilus causes what?

Answer 8

pathogen-directed endocytosis

Question 9

Haemophilus can produce IgA1 protease, similar to what other microbe?

Answer 9

gonococci

Question 10

The pili and outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus are similar to those in gonococci, which are used for what?

Answer 10

attachment to columnar epithelia

Question 11

T/F: pure Hib PRP polysaccharide vaccines are not used in infants because they cause too strong of an immunological reaction.

Answer 11

False. Pure PRP polysacch is not immunogenic in infants

Question 12

Many H. influenzae and non-typeabable species produce B-lactamase, meaning which antibiotics should/can’t be used?

Answer 12

Cannot use penicillin

use chloramphenicol or third-generation cephalosporins

Question 13

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its basic characteristics (gram stain, environment, oxygen tolerance)

Answer 13

A) Gram-negative rods (bacilli)
B) found in soil/water
C) motile (flagella & pili)
D) aerobic

Question 14

colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce water-soluble pigment that acts as what?

Answer 14

antibacterials

can be shades of blue, green and fluorescent yellow

Question 15

P. aeruginosa, when cultured, often smells like ______

Answer 15

fruit/grapes

Question 16

T/F: P aeruginosa will only grow rapidly when large amounts of nutrients are available

Answer 16

false: they are very robust and grow rapidly
- do not ferment
- only need acetate and ammonia

Question 17

the virulence factors for P. aeruginosa are split between 2 categories: ______ and _______

Answer 17

Persistence and Dissemination

Question 18

Persistence of P. aeruginosa: _______, also called iron binding compounds, compete with transferrin

Answer 18

siderophores

Question 19

Phospholipase C is used by P. aeruginosa in what way?

Answer 19

It uses phospholipase C to hydrolyze phospholipids in the eukaryotic membrane, releasing usable phosphate

Question 20

Swimmers ear (otitis externa) and hot tub rash (dermatitis) are both caused by what?

Answer 20

encountering Pseudomonas in water

Question 21

Pseudomonas is a _____ pathogen

Answer 21

opportunistic pathogen

Question 22

T/F: Pseudomonas can only enter a host through an abrasion/cut/damage to the epithelium

Answer 22

true

Question 23

the ability for Pseudomonas to spread through its host depends on what?

Answer 23

A) avoiding phagocytosis

B) successful adherence to a surface

Question 24

adherence of Pseudomonas to epithelia is mediated by _____ and ____

Answer 24

flagella and pili

Question 25

the pili and flagella of Pseudomonas interact with which 2 parts of the host cells?

Answer 25

Interact with: - glycolipids - toll-like receptor (TLR5)

Question 26

The Polysaccharide capsule of Pseudomonas

Answer 26

- mucoid type - major adhesin of biofilm in CF patients - its production is highly regulated

Question 27

Pseudomonas can produce numerous ______ ______

Answer 27

cytolytic exotoxins

Question 28

what components of the Pseudomonas's LPS layer cause damage?

Answer 28

A) adhesins B) Lipid A (an exotoxin) C) core oligosaccharide D) long o-antigen side chains

Question 29

Lipid A from Pseudomonas interacts with what host receptor?

Answer 29

TLR4 -initiates inflammatory response

Question 30

in Pseudomonas, the long _-_____ side chains are responsible for what?

Answer 30

O-antingen side chains -resistance to human serum, antibiotics

Question 31

the ______ released by Pseudomonas cause local inflammation

Answer 31

Exotoxins

Question 32

Name the 2 proteases produced by Pseudomonas

Answer 32

A) elastase | B) LasA

Question 33

______ will cleave elastin, collagen, immune system components

Answer 33

elastase

Question 34

LasA is a _____ protease which works with elastase to degrade elastin

Answer 34

Serine protease

Question 35

The type 3 secretion system of Pseudomonas does what?

Answer 35

1) delivers virulence factors directly into host cell 2) similar to flagella 3) target specific host proteins

Question 36

what genetic disease is P. aeruginosa closely related to?

Answer 36

Cystic fibrosis

Question 37

what is CFTR? what does a loss of this lead to?

Answer 37

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator - Loss of Cl- transport

Question 38

CFTR may cause decreased _______ of surface glycolipids. why is this important?

Answer 38

sialylation of surface glycolipids allows P. aeruginosa to bind

Question 39

Sepsis due to Pseudomonas is mediated by ______

Answer 39

LPS (endotoxin)

Question 40

which endotoxin of Pseudomonas is responsible for sepsis?

Answer 40

Lipid A | -triggers TNF release

Question 41

what does "MODS" stand for? (think sepsis)

Answer 41

Multi-Organ Dysfunction syndrome

Question 42

symptoms of MODS

Answer 42

- high cardiac output - low blood pressure - distributive shock

Question 43

what are the 3 requirements for sepsis?

Answer 43

1) Large population of infecting/colonizing organisms 2) Presence of bacterial products that stimulate release of host cytokines 3) Widespread dissemination of microbial products to host’s reticuloendothelial system

Question 44

the mortality rate for sepsis depends on what?

Answer 44

1) nature and severity of infection 2) host defense state 3) promptness and efficacy of treatment

Question 45

Pseudomonas endocarditis induced shock has up to a __% mortality rate

Answer 45

50%

Question 46

T/F: Pseudomonas is easily cultured and identified

Answer 46

true

Question 47

Pseudomonas infections often require ______ _______ to treat

Answer 47

antibiotic synergism

Question 48

Listeria monocytogens: gram stain, environment, motility

Answer 48

``` A) gram-positive rod B) found in intestinal tracts, sewage, soil and water C) Food-borne pathogen -heat and cold resistant D) flagella and actin polymerization ```

Question 49

Listeriosis infections of _____ are of special concern

Answer 49

a fetus

Question 50

Listeriosis can result in:

Answer 50

Bacteremia and meningitis

Question 51

Listeriosis is a concern in which population groups?

Answer 51

Immunocompromised, elderly, and pregnant people more susceptible

Question 52

Listeria uses ______, a virulence factors, which mediates adherence/invasion of cells

Answer 52

Internalins

Question 53

Listerolysin O enables what?

Answer 53

enables Listeria to escape vacuoles

Question 54

along with Listerolysin O, ______ also aid in escape from vacuoles

Answer 54

Phospholipases

Question 55

what molecules allow Listeria to cross the placenta?

Answer 55

Phospholipases

Question 56

what is the best way to prevent Listeria infections?

Answer 56

control growth in the food supply

Question 57

why are pregnant women told to avoid deli foods, raw meats, and soft cheeses?

Answer 57

they can harbor Listeria which can cause stillbirths