Middleton- Retrovirus, AIDS, and tumor viruses

Question 1

what groups were in the “4H” club risk for contracting AIDS? when was this theory popular

Answer 1

Homosexual men, heroine addicts, Haitians, and hemophiliacs

1970s-1980s

Question 2

HIV appears to have evolved (genetic evidence) from _____ virus in Africa

Answer 2

simian

Question 3

Retroviruses have a unique ________ cycle

Answer 3

replication

Question 4

T/F: Spumaviruses do not causehuman disease

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Spurmaviruses form “____” structures inside the cell

Answer 5

foamy

Question 6

Retroviridae: two subfamilies. name them

Answer 6

Orthoretroviridae

Spumaviridae

Question 7

the Genome of retroviruses is ___ssRNA

Answer 7

(+)ssRNA

Question 8

the virion of the retrovirus is

Answer 8

enveloped

Question 9

the _______ ______ are now used to classify retroviruses as simple or complex

Answer 9

Genome contents

Question 10

______ retroviruses only encode the Gag, Pro, Pol, and Env genes

Answer 10

simple

Question 11

what is the function of Reverse transcription in Retrovirus replication

Answer 11

it turnes ssRNA genome into dsDNA (allows it to incorporate into the host DNA)

Question 12

what is meant by “Integration” of a retrovirus?

Answer 12

Virus dsDNA inserts into host DNA making provirus

Question 13

the transcription of a retrovirus occurs from a _____

Answer 13

provirus

Question 14

Maturation of retroviruses involves ______ activity

Answer 14

protease

Question 15

what is the “Defining feature of retroviruses”

Answer 15

reverse transcription

Question 16

when is reverse transcription initiated?

Answer 16

once nucleocapsid is in cytoplasm

Question 17

Low _____ levels prevent reverse transcription

Answer 17

NTP

Question 18

retrovirus infections cannot progress if __________ does not occur

Answer 18

reverse transcription

Question 19

Reverse transcription is promiscuous between what?

Answer 19

Genome copies

Question 20

when does the retrovirus ssRNA integrate into the host genome?

Answer 20

during mitosis

Question 21

the retrovirus dsDNA will Attack target DNA, creating a nick. What joins this DNA back together?

Answer 21

the host cell

Question 22

T/F: cells infected with a retrovirus can be returned to their previous state with proper antivirals.

Answer 22

False- the integration of virus DNA is permanent

Question 23

Integration may disrupt host genes causing disease such as what?

Answer 23

cancer

Question 24

what are the Integration identified oncogenes

Answer 24

1) Transcription factors
2) Secreted growth factors
3) Growth factor receptors
4) Cell signal transduction pathways

Question 25

T/F: Many defective retroviruses are made during replication

Answer 25

true

Question 26

Defective viruses are missing at least one of:

Answer 26

gag, pol, or env

Question 27

defective viruses can carry host genes, which are ________ when they carry oncogenes

Answer 27

tumorigenic

Question 28

T/F: Many retrovirus infections are benign

Answer 28

true

Question 29

name the 3 types of disease-causing retroviruses

Answer 29

1) Slow retroviruses 2) Cytopathic retroviruses 3) Acute transforming viruses

Question 30

leukemia viruses are examples of ____ retroviruses

Answer 30

slow

Question 31

which type of retrovirus can damage the tissue directly

Answer 31

Cytopathic retroviruses

Question 32

Acute transforming viruses carry what?

Answer 32

Carry host genes

Question 33

HTLV stands for what?

Answer 33

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus

Question 34

HTLV is what type of virus?

Answer 34

Deltaretrovirus | a species of orthoretrovirinae

Question 35

T/F: HTLV-1 is a fairly rare viral disease

Answer 35

false- millions of people worldwide are infected

Question 36

HTLV-1 is transmitted person-to-person, meaning that what activities promote its exchange?

Answer 36

Sharing needles for drug users Blood transfusions Sexual transmission breast feeding

Question 37

what disease is caused by HTLV-1? what does it infect?

Answer 37

Adult T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia (ATLL) infects memory T-cells

Question 38

Cells infected with HTLV-1 become transformed, generating _____

Answer 38

tumors

Question 39

______ is Associated Myelopathy / Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). these diseases are caused by what?

Answer 39

HTLV-1 HAM/TSP caused by transfusion of infected blood

Question 40

HAM/TSP Symptoms and latency period

Answer 40

latency period- 1-3 years after infection symptoms: - loss of bladder control - leg weakness or stiffness in hips/knees - erectile dysfunction (mainly in men…..)

Question 41

what are the prevention techniques for HTLV-1?

Answer 41

Eliminate breastfeeding for HTLV-1 positive mothers Increased screening for blood products

Question 42

HIV is what type of virus?

Answer 42

Lentivirus

Question 43

what populations are at greater risk for contracting HIV?

Answer 43

Homosexuals, injection drug users, hemophiliacs, transfusion recipients

Question 44

where is HIV most prevalent?

Answer 44

sub-saharan africa

Question 45

Latent period for AIDS –

Answer 45

6 mths to 25 yrs

Question 46

HIV targets what type of cells?

Answer 46

T-cells (CD4+)

Question 47

once the Chronic infection is established, what occurs?

Answer 47

Ongoing virus replication & T-cell depletion

Question 48

once infected with HIV, the risk of _______ infections increases

Answer 48

opportunistic

Question 49

T/F: antivirals are the only current treatment for HIV infection

Answer 49

true

Question 50

the HIV virus has a _____ (+)ssRNA genome

Answer 50

Diploid

Question 51

T/F: the HIV virus only causes AIDS

Answer 51

false- it is a significant cause of certain types of cancer

Question 52

Acute transforming viruses induce what?

Answer 52

rapid tumor formation