Bailey- chlamydia lecture

Question 1

Chlamydiae are small, gram-_____ bacteria that are lacking what compound in their cell walls?

Answer 1

Gram-negative

no peptidoglycan (murien) in cell walls

Question 2

Chlamydiae are obligate ________ pathogens

Answer 2

intracellular- can only live inside cells or on live tissues

Question 3

Chlamydiae depend on host ____ to survive

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

Chlamydial infections are the leading cause of preventable ________ in the world

Answer 4

blindness

Question 5

T/F: chlamydial infections are only spread through direct contact

Answer 5

false- can also be transmitted through droplets

Question 6

Chlamydia spreads by the “4 F’s”

name them:

Answer 6

1) fingers
2) flies
3) fomites
4) fornication

Question 7

C. trachomatis infections are usually _______ in females. why is this a problem?

Answer 7

asymptomatic

can eventually lead to sterility

Question 8

during birth, infants can contract a C. trachomatis infection, leading to what?

Answer 8

conjunctivitis and pneumonia

Question 9

the transit form of C. trachomatis is known as the what?

Answer 9

elementary body (EB)

Question 10

C. trachomatis is internalized by what?

Answer 10

receptor-mediated endocytosis

masquerades as nutrient, growth factor, hormone

Question 11

the elementary body (EB) modifies the endocytic vesicle in 2 ways:

Answer 11

1) maintains pH above 6.2

2) prevents vesicle from fusing with lysosome

Question 12

where does C. trachomatis “hide” within the host cells?

Answer 12

inside modified inclusion vacuole

Question 13

once a EB becomes infections, it changes into a

Answer 13

larger intracellular active organism

Question 14

what is the name for the active, intercellular form of C. trachomatis?

Answer 14

RB

Question 15

the trachomatis RB’s do 2 things inside the host cell:

Answer 15

• synthesize molecules using host metabolites/energy

- divide

Question 16

T/F: the RB form of C. trachomatis exits the inclusion vacuole in order to access host cell nutrients

Answer 16

False- they use tube-like structures to allow feeding

Question 17

what is Trachoma?

Answer 17

inflammation of the conjunctiva (caused by C. trachomatis strains)

Question 18

Lymphogranuloma venerum

Answer 18

caused by Chlamydial strains

• STD
• infection of lymph nodes in genital region
• mainly found in developing countries

Question 19

_______ ______ is the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in humans

Answer 19

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Question 20

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is observed in a majority of patients with what other illness?

Answer 20

atherosclerotic heart lesions

Question 21

antibiotics target what form of Chlamydia?

Answer 21

the active RB form

Question 22

what is the main problem with treating chlamydia?

Answer 22

the antibiotic must pierce 4 membrane layers to reach the bacteria

Question 23

Rickettsiae are known as “zoonoses” which means what?

Answer 23

infections are transmitted from animals to humans

Question 24

unlike Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae are capable of synthesizing some of their own _____

Answer 24

ATP

Question 25

which Rickettsiae disease is transmitted only by members of the hard tick family?

Answer 25

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 26

bacteria spread via the ______ when exposed to rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 26

bloodstream (Ticks suck blood)

Question 27

once the Rickettsiae is within the bloodstream, it attaches to what?

Answer 27

Vascular endothelial cells

Question 28

Rickettsiae uses ________ to lyse the phagosome and enter the cytosol of endothelial cells

Answer 28

Phospholipase

Question 29

the "comet tail" seen in Rickettsiae infections is due to what?

Answer 29

actin polymerization- bacteria uses the hosts actin to propel itself

Question 30

lysis of endothelial cells leads to what?

Answer 30

hemorrhagic spots- leakage of blood hence the "spotted" fever

Question 31

T/F: once infected with rocky mountain spotted fever, the patient will need antibiotics to clear the infection

Answer 31

false- 75% of patients will clear the infection on their own

Question 32

Typhus group fevers include which strains of Rickettsiae?

Answer 32

R. prowazekii R. typhi (most common) orienta tsutsugamushi

Question 33

Rickettsiae Ehrlichia infect which host cell structures?

Answer 33

monocytes and macrophages

Question 34

HGE and HME stand for what?

Answer 34

HGE = Human granulocytic ehrlichoisis HME = human monocytic ehrlichiosis

Question 35

Rickettsiae Ehrlichia develop within host cell _____

Answer 35

vacuoles

Question 36

the first development stage of R. Ehrlichia development is known as what?

Answer 36

reticulate cell (RC)

Question 37

what is the second development form of R. Ehrlichia?

Answer 37

dense-core cells

Question 38

diagnosing Rickettsiosis is difficult because the bacteria requires _____________ or inoculation of animals

Answer 38

eukaryotic cell cultures

Question 39

_______ are the smallest organisms capable of growth on cell-free media

Answer 39

Mycoplasma

Question 40

Mycoplasma requires ____ to grow

Answer 40

sterol (cholesterol)

Question 41

Mycoplasma lacks a ____ ____, meaning they are not sensitive to what?

Answer 41

lack a cell wall, meaning they are not sensitive to penicillin

Question 42

humans are the only reservoir for this species of Mycoplasma:

Answer 42

M. pneumoniae

Question 43

M. pneumoniae is often called "______ pneumonia"

Answer 43

walking pneumonia

Question 44

M. pneumoniae adhere to ______ epithelium

Answer 44

respiratory

Question 45

the bodies main inflammatory response to M. pneumoniae is what?

Answer 45

lymphocytes

Question 46

what type of pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma?

Answer 46

Bronchopneumonia

Question 47

T/F: M. pneumonia destroys large amounts of host tissue

Answer 47

false- mainly impairs ciliary function

Question 48

what immunoglobulin causes Hemolytic anemia? (caused by M. pneumoniae damage)

Answer 48

IgM | "Cold hemagglutinins"

Question 49

what is special about cold hemagglutinins?

Answer 49

at low temps, these antibodies cause RBC's to stick together

Question 50

M. genitalium is known as what?

Answer 50

"newest emerging human pathogen" acts a lot like M. pneumoniae

Question 51

which 2 genital Mycoplasmas are associated with disease in newborns?

Answer 51

M. hominis U. urealyticum

Question 52

R. Typhi causes what form of typhus? what about R. prowazekii? Orientia tsutsugamushi?

Answer 52

R. Typhi- Murine typhus R. prowazekki- Recrudescent typhus Orentia tsutsugamushi- Scrub typhus