Bailey- chlamydia lecture Flashcards
Chlamydiae are small, gram-_____ bacteria that are lacking what compound in their cell walls?
Gram-negative
no peptidoglycan (murien) in cell walls
Chlamydiae are obligate ________ pathogens
intracellular- can only live inside cells or on live tissues
Chlamydiae depend on host ____ to survive
ATP
Chlamydial infections are the leading cause of preventable ________ in the world
blindness
T/F: chlamydial infections are only spread through direct contact
false- can also be transmitted through droplets
Chlamydia spreads by the “4 F’s”
name them:
1) fingers
2) flies
3) fomites
4) fornication
C. trachomatis infections are usually _______ in females. why is this a problem?
asymptomatic
can eventually lead to sterility
during birth, infants can contract a C. trachomatis infection, leading to what?
conjunctivitis and pneumonia
the transit form of C. trachomatis is known as the what?
elementary body (EB)
C. trachomatis is internalized by what?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
masquerades as nutrient, growth factor, hormone
the elementary body (EB) modifies the endocytic vesicle in 2 ways:
1) maintains pH above 6.2
2) prevents vesicle from fusing with lysosome
where does C. trachomatis “hide” within the host cells?
inside modified inclusion vacuole
once a EB becomes infections, it changes into a
larger intracellular active organism
what is the name for the active, intercellular form of C. trachomatis?
RB
the trachomatis RB’s do 2 things inside the host cell:
- synthesize molecules using host metabolites/energy
- divide
T/F: the RB form of C. trachomatis exits the inclusion vacuole in order to access host cell nutrients
False- they use tube-like structures to allow feeding
what is Trachoma?
inflammation of the conjunctiva (caused by C. trachomatis strains)
Lymphogranuloma venerum
caused by Chlamydial strains
- STD
- infection of lymph nodes in genital region
- mainly found in developing countries
_______ ______ is the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in humans
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is observed in a majority of patients with what other illness?
atherosclerotic heart lesions
antibiotics target what form of Chlamydia?
the active RB form
what is the main problem with treating chlamydia?
the antibiotic must pierce 4 membrane layers to reach the bacteria
Rickettsiae are known as “zoonoses” which means what?
infections are transmitted from animals to humans
unlike Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae are capable of synthesizing some of their own _____
ATP
which Rickettsiae disease is transmitted only by members of the hard tick family?
Rocky mountain spotted fever
bacteria spread via the ______ when exposed to rocky mountain spotted fever
bloodstream (Ticks suck blood)
once the Rickettsiae is within the bloodstream, it attaches to what?
Vascular endothelial cells
Rickettsiae uses ________ to lyse the phagosome and enter the cytosol of endothelial cells
Phospholipase
the “comet tail” seen in Rickettsiae infections is due to what?
actin polymerization- bacteria uses the hosts actin to propel itself
lysis of endothelial cells leads to what?
hemorrhagic spots- leakage of blood
hence the “spotted” fever
T/F: once infected with rocky mountain spotted fever, the patient will need antibiotics to clear the infection
false- 75% of patients will clear the infection on their own
Typhus group fevers include which strains of Rickettsiae?
R. prowazekii
R. typhi (most common)
orienta tsutsugamushi
Rickettsiae Ehrlichia infect which host cell structures?
monocytes and macrophages
HGE and HME stand for what?
HGE = Human granulocytic ehrlichoisis
HME = human monocytic ehrlichiosis
Rickettsiae Ehrlichia develop within host cell _____
vacuoles
the first development stage of R. Ehrlichia development is known as what?
reticulate cell (RC)
what is the second development form of R. Ehrlichia?
dense-core cells
diagnosing Rickettsiosis is difficult because the bacteria requires _____________ or inoculation of animals
eukaryotic cell cultures
_______ are the smallest organisms capable of growth on cell-free media
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma requires ____ to grow
sterol (cholesterol)
Mycoplasma lacks a ____ ____, meaning they are not sensitive to what?
lack a cell wall, meaning they are not sensitive to penicillin
humans are the only reservoir for this species of Mycoplasma:
M. pneumoniae
M. pneumoniae is often called “______ pneumonia”
walking pneumonia
M. pneumoniae adhere to ______ epithelium
respiratory
the bodies main inflammatory response to M. pneumoniae is what?
lymphocytes
what type of pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma?
Bronchopneumonia
T/F: M. pneumonia destroys large amounts of host tissue
false- mainly impairs ciliary function
what immunoglobulin causes Hemolytic anemia? (caused by M. pneumoniae damage)
IgM
“Cold hemagglutinins”
what is special about cold hemagglutinins?
at low temps, these antibodies cause RBC’s to stick together
M. genitalium is known as what?
“newest emerging human pathogen”
acts a lot like M. pneumoniae
which 2 genital Mycoplasmas are associated with disease in newborns?
M. hominis
U. urealyticum
R. Typhi causes what form of typhus? what about R. prowazekii? Orientia tsutsugamushi?
R. Typhi- Murine typhus
R. prowazekki- Recrudescent typhus
Orentia tsutsugamushi- Scrub typhus
