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Immuno/micro final > Stoeckel- fungi > Flashcards

Stoeckel- fungi Flashcards

this is a pretty half-assed deck compared to all the other subjects. sorry guys

1
Q

Many pathogenic fungi exist as ______ and ______

A

molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular

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2
Q

______ forms more typical at human body temperature

A

Yeast

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3
Q

although yeast forms are the predominant form of fungal pathogens, which species is the exception?

A

Candida – mold (mycelial) form found in tissue

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4
Q

what is the importance of pathogenic fungi in the big picture of human health?

A

opportunistic infections caused by commensal (Candida) or fully saprophytic (Aspergillus) species almost exclusively invade the immunocompromised hosts

fungi do not cause the same diseases- each species causes its own disease

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5
Q

what are primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections?

A

Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing

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6
Q

what are the primary barriers for fungi?

A

Intact skin and mucosal surfaces

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7
Q

what are Mycoses?

A

fungal infection of animals, including humans

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8
Q

what are endemic mycoses?

A
  • Infections caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically
  • True pathogens that typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals
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9
Q

what are opportunistic mycoses?

A
  • Infections caused by fungi that are not true pathogens

- Cause systemic infections only in immunocompromised patients

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10
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) is a _______ fungal pathogen

A

Endemic Fungal Pathogen

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11
Q

what can cause a fungi such as histoplasma to become disseminated (reach the whole body)?

A

Cell-mediated immune deficiencies such asT-cell function defects (e.g., AIDS, immunosuppressive therapy)

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12
Q

Normally, the human body can use _______________ to prevent the spread, and destroy, mycoses

A

cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

Histoplasmosis is normally found where?

A

mid-southeastern U.S

indiana gets hit really hard

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14
Q

histoplasmosis is a _______________ system infection

A

Reticuloendothelial system infection

infects phagocytic cells- travels through the lymph system

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15
Q

Blastomycosis is primarily found where?

A

Found primarily in the Mississippi River Valley and southeastern states

-can also be found in canada

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16
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is found where?

A

-only in lower Sonoran life zone (dry areas)

Arizona, southern California, New Mexico, Texas

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17
Q

________ are highly infectious endemic mycoses; inhaled into alveoli

A

C. immitis

-species of Coccidioidomycosis

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18
Q

Desert rheumatism or Valley Fever is caused by which fungi?

A

C. immitis

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19
Q

what is a complication from Disseminated coccidiodiomycosis?

A

Chronic meningitis

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20
Q

which fungi is the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen ?

A

Candida albicans

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21
Q

__________ Do not cause infection unless normal flora is disrupted

A

Candidiasis

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22
Q

Candidiasis can follow _________ and central intravenous catheters

A

superficial infections

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23
Q

diseases caused by Candidiasis:

A

1) Thrush
2) Intertriginous candidiasis (diaper rash)
3) Disseminated infection- the serious one

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24
Q

which fungi is typically found in soil contaminated with bird droppings?

A

Cryptococcus (neoformans)

-Histoplasma capsulatum’s GROWTH is accelerated by droppings

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25
Q

T/F: Aspergillus is part of our normal flora

A

False- found in air, soil, water

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26
Q

______________ are the most common fungal infections in humans

A

Dermatophyte Skin Infections

athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, jungle rot

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27
Q

name the 3 common dermatophyte Infections from “ringworm”

A

1) tinea capitis (scalp)
2) tinea corporis (body)
3) Tinea pedis (Feet)

28
Q

Anthropophilic dermatophytes:

A
  • Trichophyton

- Epidermophyton

29
Q

zoophilic dermatophytes:

A

Microsporum canis

30
Q

what factors are required for dermatophyte entry?

A

Skin trauma

Continuous moist conditions important

31
Q

fungal infections are regularly seen in what population groups?

A

patients with untreated AIDS;

patients with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy;

patients with transplants on immunosuppressive agents;

some patients taking long-term corticosteroids

32
Q

Polyenes affect the __________ of fungi

A

cell wall

-they create channels in the wall when they bind to ergosterol

33
Q

Azoles will combat fungal infection by interfering with what?

A

ergosterol synthesis

34
Q

______________ immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections

A

T cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

how do Subcutaneous Mycoses enter the skin?

A

via thorns or splinters

36
Q

why is Sporotrichosis called the “rose growers disease”

A

the fungi enter skin via thorns or splinters

37
Q

Candida is in the ________ form when infecting

A

mycelial form

38
Q

Caspofungin and micafungin are effective against which fungi? how are these drugs administered?

A
  • Candida and Aspergillus species

- only given in IV

39
Q

Candida and Aspergillus are both causes of disease in their ________ form

A

filamentous form

are hyphae not unicellular

40
Q

“Tinea” is the name for any form of what mycoses?

A

superficial cutaneous mycoses

41
Q

why is Tinea often confused with a parasitic (worm) infection?

A

due to the raised infection

its causes “ringworm”, but its a fungus

42
Q

what are the conditions necessary for ringworm infections?

A

1) crowding of people
2) moist conditions
3) skin trauma

43
Q

Subcutaneous Mycoses are also known as what?

A
  • “Mycoses of implantation”

- enter skin via thorns or splinters

44
Q

Mycetoma can cause chronic infections of the ______

A

sinuses

45
Q

Allylamines will block _______ synthesis

A

ergosterol

46
Q

Allylamines are effective against which fungi?

A
  • dermatophytes
  • C. albicans

(can be given as a pill or a cream)

47
Q

instead of using sterols (cholesterol) like animal cells, fungi will use ________ in their cell membranes

A

ergosterol

48
Q

almost all fungi are strict aerobes. what is the exception to this rule?

A

bakers yeast

49
Q

after histoplasma is inhaled, it will evade _______ barriers and transform to its ______ phase

A

evade mucousal barriers

transform into yeast phase

50
Q

histoplasmosis symptoms can be either __________ or __________

A

Pulmonary (lungs) or disseminated (seen on the skin)

51
Q

what is the “hallmark” symptom of blastomycosis?

A

Skin lesions develop as a result of hematogenous dissemination

52
Q

histoplasmosis and blastomycosis can both form __________, which can allow the fungi to remain viable for long periods

A

Granulomas

53
Q

once inhaled, Coccidioides will transform to large __________that are filled with hundreds of endospores

A

spherules

54
Q

Tinea versicolor causes what symptoms?

A

Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on chest or neck with scaling

55
Q

T/F: azeroles will kill fungi by interfering with ergosterol synthesis

A

False- they are fungistatic, meaning they stop fungi spread/division. they won’t kill a fungi cell that already has a developed cell wall

56
Q

Mucormycosis (an opportunistic fungi) can cause which 2 clinical diseases?

A

1) Rhinocerebral form - unique to diabetics

2) Disseminated mucormycosis
- this is similar to the pulmonary lesions of aspergillosis

57
Q

name the “pulmonary fungi” discussed in this lecture

A

1) Cryptococcus
2) Aspergillus
3) Mucormycosis
4) Pneumocystis

58
Q

name the “superficial cutaneous fungi” discussed in this lecture

A

1) Malassezia

2) ringworm (cause tineas)
- Microsporum
- Trichophyton
- Epidermophyton

59
Q

name the “subcutaneous fungi” discussed in this lecture

A

1) Sporothrix schenckii
- causes Sporotrichosis

2) Mycetoma

(Chromoblastomycosis caused by a few different species)

60
Q

name the “endemic fungi” discussed in lecture

A

1) Histoplasma capsulatum
2) Blastomyces dermatitidis
3) Coccidioides immitis

61
Q

list all of the “opportunistic fungi” discussed in this lecture

A

1) Candida
2) Cryptococcus
3) Aspergillus
4) Mucormycetes
5) Pneumocystis

62
Q

the term “Anthropophilic” when referring to dermatophytes means what?

A

exclusively in humans and their habitat

these dermatophytes often cause chronic infections

63
Q

both of the anthropophilic dermatophytes discussed have names that end in “phyton”…… name these 2 little bastards

A

Trichophyton

Epidermophyton

64
Q

which dermatophyte genera is geophilic? (meaning its found in soil)

A

microsporum

65
Q

Caspofungin and micafungin both belong to which class of antifungals?

(this class is the “new” antifungals)

A

Echinocandins

66
Q

Echinocandins will inhibit the formation of what?

A

fungal cell wall

they are the “penicillin of the antifungals”

Immuno/micro final (16 decks)

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