Stoeckel- fungi

Question 1

Many pathogenic fungi exist as ______ and ______

Answer 1

molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular

Question 2

______ forms more typical at human body temperature

Answer 2

Yeast

Question 3

although yeast forms are the predominant form of fungal pathogens, which species is the exception?

Answer 3

Candida – mold (mycelial) form found in tissue

Question 4

what is the importance of pathogenic fungi in the big picture of human health?

Answer 4

opportunistic infections caused by commensal (Candida) or fully saprophytic (Aspergillus) species almost exclusively invade the immunocompromised hosts

fungi do not cause the same diseases- each species causes its own disease

Question 5

what are primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections?

Answer 5

Neutrophil phagocytosis and killing

Question 6

what are the primary barriers for fungi?

Answer 6

Intact skin and mucosal surfaces

Question 7

what are Mycoses?

Answer 7

fungal infection of animals, including humans

Question 8

what are endemic mycoses?

Answer 8

• Infections caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically
• True pathogens that typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals

Question 9

what are opportunistic mycoses?

Answer 9

• Infections caused by fungi that are not true pathogens

- Cause systemic infections only in immunocompromised patients

Question 10

Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) is a _______ fungal pathogen

Answer 10

Endemic Fungal Pathogen

Question 11

what can cause a fungi such as histoplasma to become disseminated (reach the whole body)?

Answer 11

Cell-mediated immune deficiencies such asT-cell function defects (e.g., AIDS, immunosuppressive therapy)

Question 12

Normally, the human body can use _______________ to prevent the spread, and destroy, mycoses

Answer 12

cell-mediated immunity

Question 13

Histoplasmosis is normally found where?

Answer 13

mid-southeastern U.S

indiana gets hit really hard

Question 14

histoplasmosis is a _______________ system infection

Answer 14

Reticuloendothelial system infection

infects phagocytic cells- travels through the lymph system

Question 15

Blastomycosis is primarily found where?

Answer 15

Found primarily in the Mississippi River Valley and southeastern states

-can also be found in canada

Question 16

Coccidioidomycosis is found where?

Answer 16

-only in lower Sonoran life zone (dry areas)

Arizona, southern California, New Mexico, Texas

Question 17

________ are highly infectious endemic mycoses; inhaled into alveoli

Answer 17

C. immitis

-species of Coccidioidomycosis

Question 18

Desert rheumatism or Valley Fever is caused by which fungi?

Answer 18

C. immitis

Question 19

what is a complication from Disseminated coccidiodiomycosis?

Answer 19

Chronic meningitis

Question 20

which fungi is the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen ?

Answer 20

Candida albicans

Question 21

__________ Do not cause infection unless normal flora is disrupted

Answer 21

Candidiasis

Question 22

Candidiasis can follow _________ and central intravenous catheters

Answer 22

superficial infections

Question 23

diseases caused by Candidiasis:

Answer 23

1) Thrush
2) Intertriginous candidiasis (diaper rash)
3) Disseminated infection- the serious one

Question 24

which fungi is typically found in soil contaminated with bird droppings?

Answer 24

Cryptococcus (neoformans)

-Histoplasma capsulatum’s GROWTH is accelerated by droppings

Question 25

T/F: Aspergillus is part of our normal flora

Answer 25

False- found in air, soil, water

Question 26

______________ are the most common fungal infections in humans

Answer 26

Dermatophyte Skin Infections athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, jungle rot

Question 27

name the 3 common dermatophyte Infections from "ringworm"

Answer 27

1) tinea capitis (scalp) 2) tinea corporis (body) 3) Tinea pedis (Feet)

Question 28

Anthropophilic dermatophytes:

Answer 28

- Trichophyton | - Epidermophyton

Question 29

zoophilic dermatophytes:

Answer 29

Microsporum canis

Question 30

what factors are required for dermatophyte entry?

Answer 30

Skin trauma Continuous moist conditions important

Question 31

fungal infections are regularly seen in what population groups?

Answer 31

patients with untreated AIDS; patients with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy; patients with transplants on immunosuppressive agents; some patients taking long-term corticosteroids

Question 32

Polyenes affect the __________ of fungi

Answer 32

cell wall -they create channels in the wall when they bind to ergosterol

Question 33

Azoles will combat fungal infection by interfering with what?

Answer 33

ergosterol synthesis

Question 34

______________ immunity is required to eliminate fungal infections

Answer 34

T cell-mediated immunity

Question 35

how do Subcutaneous Mycoses enter the skin?

Answer 35

via thorns or splinters

Question 36

why is Sporotrichosis called the "rose growers disease"

Answer 36

the fungi enter skin via thorns or splinters

Question 37

Candida is in the ________ form when infecting

Answer 37

mycelial form

Question 38

Caspofungin and micafungin are effective against which fungi? how are these drugs administered?

Answer 38

- Candida and Aspergillus species | - only given in IV

Question 39

Candida and Aspergillus are both causes of disease in their ________ form

Answer 39

filamentous form | are hyphae not unicellular

Question 40

"Tinea" is the name for any form of what mycoses?

Answer 40

superficial cutaneous mycoses

Question 41

why is Tinea often confused with a parasitic (worm) infection?

Answer 41

due to the raised infection its causes "ringworm", but its a fungus

Question 42

what are the conditions necessary for ringworm infections?

Answer 42

1) crowding of people 2) moist conditions 3) skin trauma

Question 43

Subcutaneous Mycoses are also known as what?

Answer 43

- “Mycoses of implantation” | - enter skin via thorns or splinters

Question 44

Mycetoma can cause chronic infections of the ______

Answer 44

sinuses

Question 45

Allylamines will block _______ synthesis

Answer 45

ergosterol

Question 46

Allylamines are effective against which fungi?

Answer 46

- dermatophytes - C. albicans (can be given as a pill or a cream)

Question 47

instead of using sterols (cholesterol) like animal cells, fungi will use ________ in their cell membranes

Answer 47

ergosterol

Question 48

almost all fungi are strict aerobes. what is the exception to this rule?

Answer 48

bakers yeast

Question 49

after histoplasma is inhaled, it will evade _______ barriers and transform to its ______ phase

Answer 49

evade mucousal barriers transform into yeast phase

Question 50

histoplasmosis symptoms can be either __________ or __________

Answer 50

Pulmonary (lungs) or disseminated (seen on the skin)

Question 51

what is the "hallmark" symptom of blastomycosis?

Answer 51

Skin lesions develop as a result of hematogenous dissemination

Question 52

histoplasmosis and blastomycosis can both form __________, which can allow the fungi to remain viable for long periods

Answer 52

Granulomas

Question 53

once inhaled, Coccidioides will transform to large __________that are filled with hundreds of endospores

Answer 53

spherules

Question 54

Tinea versicolor causes what symptoms?

Answer 54

Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on chest or neck with scaling

Question 55

T/F: azeroles will kill fungi by interfering with ergosterol synthesis

Answer 55

False- they are fungistatic, meaning they stop fungi spread/division. they won't kill a fungi cell that already has a developed cell wall

Question 56

Mucormycosis (an opportunistic fungi) can cause which 2 clinical diseases?

Answer 56

1) Rhinocerebral form - unique to diabetics 2) Disseminated mucormycosis - this is similar to the pulmonary lesions of aspergillosis

Question 57

name the "pulmonary fungi" discussed in this lecture

Answer 57

1) Cryptococcus 2) Aspergillus 3) Mucormycosis 4) Pneumocystis

Question 58

name the "superficial cutaneous fungi" discussed in this lecture

Answer 58

1) Malassezia 2) ringworm (cause tineas) - Microsporum - Trichophyton - Epidermophyton

Question 59

name the "subcutaneous fungi" discussed in this lecture

Answer 59

1) Sporothrix schenckii - causes Sporotrichosis 2) Mycetoma (Chromoblastomycosis caused by a few different species)

Question 60

name the "endemic fungi" discussed in lecture

Answer 60

1) Histoplasma capsulatum 2) Blastomyces dermatitidis 3) Coccidioides immitis

Question 61

list all of the "opportunistic fungi" discussed in this lecture

Answer 61

1) Candida 2) Cryptococcus 3) Aspergillus 4) Mucormycetes 5) Pneumocystis

Question 62

the term "Anthropophilic" when referring to dermatophytes means what?

Answer 62

exclusively in humans and their habitat | these dermatophytes often cause chronic infections

Question 63

both of the anthropophilic dermatophytes discussed have names that end in "phyton"…… name these 2 little bastards

Answer 63

Trichophyton Epidermophyton

Question 64

which dermatophyte genera is geophilic? (meaning its found in soil)

Answer 64

microsporum

Question 65

Caspofungin and micafungin both belong to which class of antifungals? (this class is the "new" antifungals)

Answer 65

Echinocandins

Question 66

Echinocandins will inhibit the formation of what?

Answer 66

fungal cell wall they are the "penicillin of the antifungals"