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Immuno/micro final > Gram negative paths of Mucosal Surfaces > Flashcards

Gram negative paths of Mucosal Surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacterial species are considered “toxin producing” pathogens in the small intestine?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Entertoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)

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2
Q

what does ETEC stand for?

A

Entertoxigenic E. Coli

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3
Q

what are the trademarks of Toxin-producing pathogen infections?

A 
Small Intestine
Copious Amounts of Watery Stool
No Blood in Stool
No Leukocytes in Stool
No Tissue Damage
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4
Q

what are the 2 main types of cholera?

A

1) El Tor

2) Classical

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5
Q

what are the virulence factors of V. cholerae?

A

A) flagella
B) pilli to adhere to mucosal tissue
C) Cholera toxin

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6
Q

what is special about the Vibrio Cholera toxin?

A

it is phage encoded

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7
Q

release of the V. Cholerae toxin causes what?

A
  • tranasfer of ADP from NAD
  • upregulates cAMP
  • causes huge efflux of NaCl and water from host cell
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8
Q

what are the 2 Toxin-producing pathogens responsible for secretory diarrhea?

A

1) Vibrio Cholerae

2) ETEC (entertox E. coli)

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9
Q

what are the 3 main diseases caused by pathogenic E. coli?

A

A) Secretory diarrhea
B) Dysentery-like
C) Urinary tract infections

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10
Q

which species of E. coli cause(s) secretory diarrhea?

A

ETEC and EPEC

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11
Q

which species of E. coli cause(s) dysentery-like symptoms?

A

EHEC

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12
Q

which E.coli species causes urinary tract infections?

A

UPEC

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13
Q

ETEC is responsible for 30-45% of ____ ______

A

traveler’s diarrhea

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14
Q

____ _____ _____ (cfa) on fimbrae help ETEC to adhere to mucosal tissue

A

colonization factor antigens

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15
Q

ETEC produces 2 toxins, what are they?

A

A) heat-labile toxin (LT)

B) Heat-stable toxin (ST)

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16
Q

ETEC toxins:
A) LT activates _____
B) ST activates _____

A

A) LT activates cAMP

B) ST activates cGMP

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17
Q

Both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins from ETEC cause what?

A

loss of NaCl and water from the host cell

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18
Q

Vibrio cholerae is usually caused by eating ____

A

shellfish (in an endemic area)

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19
Q

how is Secretary Diarrhea treated?

A

oral rehydration

- mix of sugar and salt

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20
Q

_______ can help shorten duration/severity of Secretory Diarrhea

A

antibiotics

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21
Q

_______ is used to treat Vibrio infections, while _____ is used to treat ETEC

A

Tetracyclines- Vibrio

ciprofloxacin- ETEC

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22
Q

which 2 pathogens are known as “hybrid” misfits?

A

EPEC and EHEC

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23
Q

what does EPEC stand for?

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli

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24
Q

what does EHEC stand for?

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

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25
Q

EHEC can often produce _____ in the stool

A

blood (and possibly blood in the urine)

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26
Q

where do EPEC and EHEC usually colonize/proliferate?

A
  • Lower small intestine

- upper large intestine

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27
Q

Noninflammatory secretory diarrhea due to adherence patterns is caused by what pathogen?

A

EPEC

enteropathogenic E.coli

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28
Q

EPEC and EHEC show a characteristic, intimate ______ pattern

A

adherence pattern

-attaching and effacing lesion

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29
Q

Intimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC- what is step 1?

A

Bundle-forming pili (Bfp) assist in adherence from relative long distance

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30
Q

Intimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC- in step 2, a syringe-like secretion system injects ______ into a host cell

A

Tir

know as “type 3 secretion”

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31
Q

ntimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC: what is step 3?

A

Tir binds to intimin on E. coli resulting in pedestal formation.

32
Q

T/F: there is no toxin produced by EPEC or EHEC

A

FALSE.

EPEC does NOT produce a toxin

EHEC produces a toxin

33
Q

how is diarrhea caused by EPEC?

A

A) Malabsorption due to microvilli disruptions

B) Disruption of epithelial tight junctions

34
Q

EHEC has a set of _____ genes, meaning it produces an attaching effacing lesion

A

set of EPEC genes

called “eae genes”

35
Q

EHEC produces a toxin which can cause what?

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome

very serious compared to the diarrhea of EPEC

36
Q

____ are the most common reservoir for EHEC

A

Cattle

37
Q

EHEC produces a ___-like toxin

A

Shiga-like toxin

38
Q

what diseases are caused by the shiga-like toxin of EHEC?

A

A) hemorrhagic colitis

B) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

39
Q

Shiga-like toxins attack the _____ _____ of the large intestine

A

small blood vessels

40
Q

Clinical diagnosis of EHEC:

A

frankly bloody stool, edema of ascending colon

41
Q

The CDC recommends ____ to treat a EHEC

A

Supportive therapy- rehydrate if necessary, usually not necessary

42
Q

why are antibiotics not given to patients infected with EHEC?

A

it can increase the risk for HUS
-controversial ruling by CDC

haemolytic uraemic syndrome

43
Q

____ are the most common form of bacterial infection of an organ system

A

UTI’s

urinary tract infections

44
Q

what is cystitis?

A

inflammation in the bladder

45
Q

uncomplicated UTI

A

1) All normal defense mechanisms are intact
2) No recent hospital admissions
3) Disease limited to lower urinary tract

46
Q

complicated UTI

A

1) Some structural abnormality in urinary tract
2) Recently admitted to hospital
3) Disease most likely will spread to kidneys

47
Q

what are the natural defenses found in the urinary tract?

A 
A) complete voiding of bladder
B) peristalsis
C) mucous layer
D) normal microbiota
E) pH
48
Q

UTI can spread to kidney and cause __________

A

pyelonephritis

49
Q

what does UPEC stand for?

A

Uropathogenic E. coli

50
Q

UPEC Can adhere to uroepithelial cells through _____

A

Fimbriae

51
Q

Acute cystitis (i.e., uncomplicated UTI) from UPEC is associated with what molecule?

A

Fimbrial antigen FimH

52
Q

Pyelonephritis caused by UPEC is associated with the expression of what?

A

P fimbriae

53
Q

UPEC production of aerobactin and hemolysin is associated with what?

A

Pyelonephritis

54
Q

Proteus mirabilis is a cause of what?

A

uncomplicated UTI

55
Q

P. mirabelis UTI’s tend to be more severe than ______ induced UTI’s

A

E. coli

56
Q

Proteus mirabilis virulence factors

A

1) Flagella
2) fimbriae that can attach to urinary epithelium
3) A proteases
4) Urease

57
Q

what is Urease? what does it cause?

A

enzyme produced by Proteus mirabilis

-causes an increase in the pH of urine

58
Q

Urease is toxic to ____ _____

A

renal cells

59
Q

Urease enhances the formation of what?

A

“struvite” urinary stones

60
Q

what medication is the first choice for UTI’s?

A

TMP/SMX

triemethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

61
Q

Klebsiella forms what kind of colonies when cultured? why does it form these colonies?

A

Large, mucoid colonies

form due to large capsule

62
Q

_____ _____ infections are usually associated with Klebsiella

A

Respiratory tract

63
Q

Klebsiella virulence factors:

A

1) Pili (type 3 for resp. tract)
2) enterotoxin
3) Aerobactin
4) Antiphagocytic capsule

64
Q

what is the primary virulence factor for Klebsiella?

A

Antiphagocytic capsule

65
Q

the enterotoxin of Klebsiella is similar to ST and LT of Salmonella, meaning it can cause _________

A

secretory diarrhea

66
Q

Helicobacter pylori

Among the most prevalent __________________

A

Gram-negative GI bugs

67
Q

Helicobacter pylori is transmitted through _____-to-____ contact

A

oral-to-oral

can also be transmitted from fecal to oral

68
Q

H. pylori In the gi tract is found only in the what?

A

mucous overlying mucous secreting cells of the stomach

69
Q

Helicobacter pylori is responsible for what conditions?

A

A) erosive gastritis
B) Ulcers
C) MALT lymphoma
D) Gastric Adenocarcinoma

70
Q

what is meant when microbiologists call H. pylori a “slow bacteria”?

A

the infection can occur in months, and the diseases can take years/decades to develop

71
Q

T/F: H. pylori is resistant to stomach acid

A

False

72
Q

how does H. pylori survive in the stomach?

A

produces large amounts of urease

73
Q

Inflammatory effector molecules of H. pylori cause the release of ________ from epithelial cells

A

IL-8

cytokine release

74
Q

inhibiting somatostatin causes what?

A

an increase of gastrin production (somatostatin inhibits its release)

-thought to be the cause of cancer from H. pylori

75
Q

T/F: treating H. pylori is quick and relatively hassle-free

A

False. Treatment is intense and has many side effects

76
Q

what is the first line of treatment for H. pylori

A

A) proton pump inhibitor

B) antibiotic cocktail

77
Q

H. pylori is believed to cause cancer by Downregulating ___________-producing D-cells in the stomach

A

somatostatin

Immuno/micro final (16 decks)

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