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Immuno/micro final > Gram negative paths of Mucosal Surfaces > Flashcards

Gram negative paths of Mucosal Surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacterial species are considered “toxin producing” pathogens in the small intestine?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Entertoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)

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2
Q

what does ETEC stand for?

A

Entertoxigenic E. Coli

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3
Q

what are the trademarks of Toxin-producing pathogen infections?

A 
Small Intestine
Copious Amounts of Watery Stool
No Blood in Stool
No Leukocytes in Stool
No Tissue Damage
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4
Q

what are the 2 main types of cholera?

A

1) El Tor

2) Classical

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5
Q

what are the virulence factors of V. cholerae?

A

A) flagella
B) pilli to adhere to mucosal tissue
C) Cholera toxin

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6
Q

what is special about the Vibrio Cholera toxin?

A

it is phage encoded

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7
Q

release of the V. Cholerae toxin causes what?

A
  • tranasfer of ADP from NAD
  • upregulates cAMP
  • causes huge efflux of NaCl and water from host cell
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8
Q

what are the 2 Toxin-producing pathogens responsible for secretory diarrhea?

A

1) Vibrio Cholerae

2) ETEC (entertox E. coli)

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9
Q

what are the 3 main diseases caused by pathogenic E. coli?

A

A) Secretory diarrhea
B) Dysentery-like
C) Urinary tract infections

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10
Q

which species of E. coli cause(s) secretory diarrhea?

A

ETEC and EPEC

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11
Q

which species of E. coli cause(s) dysentery-like symptoms?

A

EHEC

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12
Q

which E.coli species causes urinary tract infections?

A

UPEC

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13
Q

ETEC is responsible for 30-45% of ____ ______

A

traveler’s diarrhea

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14
Q

____ _____ _____ (cfa) on fimbrae help ETEC to adhere to mucosal tissue

A

colonization factor antigens

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15
Q

ETEC produces 2 toxins, what are they?

A

A) heat-labile toxin (LT)

B) Heat-stable toxin (ST)

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16
Q

ETEC toxins:
A) LT activates _____
B) ST activates _____

A

A) LT activates cAMP

B) ST activates cGMP

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17
Q

Both heat-labile and heat-stable toxins from ETEC cause what?

A

loss of NaCl and water from the host cell

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18
Q

Vibrio cholerae is usually caused by eating ____

A

shellfish (in an endemic area)

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19
Q

how is Secretary Diarrhea treated?

A

oral rehydration

- mix of sugar and salt

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20
Q

_______ can help shorten duration/severity of Secretory Diarrhea

A

antibiotics

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21
Q

_______ is used to treat Vibrio infections, while _____ is used to treat ETEC

A

Tetracyclines- Vibrio

ciprofloxacin- ETEC

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22
Q

which 2 pathogens are known as “hybrid” misfits?

A

EPEC and EHEC

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23
Q

what does EPEC stand for?

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli

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24
Q

what does EHEC stand for?

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

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25
EHEC can often produce _____ in the stool
blood (and possibly blood in the urine)
26
where do EPEC and EHEC usually colonize/proliferate?
- Lower small intestine | - upper large intestine
27
Noninflammatory secretory diarrhea due to adherence patterns is caused by what pathogen?
EPEC | enteropathogenic E.coli
28
EPEC and EHEC show a characteristic, intimate ______ pattern
adherence pattern -attaching and effacing lesion
29
Intimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC- what is step 1?
Bundle-forming pili (Bfp) assist in adherence from relative long distance
30
Intimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC- in step 2, a syringe-like secretion system injects ______ into a host cell
Tir know as "type 3 secretion"
31
ntimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC: what is step 3?
Tir binds to intimin on E. coli resulting in pedestal formation.
32
T/F: there is no toxin produced by EPEC or EHEC
FALSE. EPEC does NOT produce a toxin EHEC produces a toxin
33
how is diarrhea caused by EPEC?
A) Malabsorption due to microvilli disruptions B) Disruption of epithelial tight junctions
34
EHEC has a set of _____ genes, meaning it produces an attaching effacing lesion
set of EPEC genes called "eae genes"
35
EHEC produces a toxin which can cause what?
hemolytic uremic syndrome very serious compared to the diarrhea of EPEC
36
____ are the most common reservoir for EHEC
Cattle
37
EHEC produces a ___-like toxin
Shiga-like toxin
38
what diseases are caused by the shiga-like toxin of EHEC?
A) hemorrhagic colitis | B) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
39
Shiga-like toxins attack the _____ _____ of the large intestine
small blood vessels
40
Clinical diagnosis of EHEC:
frankly bloody stool, edema of ascending colon
41
The CDC recommends ____ to treat a EHEC
Supportive therapy- rehydrate if necessary, usually not necessary
42
why are antibiotics not given to patients infected with EHEC?
it can increase the risk for HUS -controversial ruling by CDC haemolytic uraemic syndrome
43
____ are the most common form of bacterial infection of an organ system
UTI's urinary tract infections
44
what is cystitis?
inflammation in the bladder
45
uncomplicated UTI
1) All normal defense mechanisms are intact 2) No recent hospital admissions 3) Disease limited to lower urinary tract
46
complicated UTI
1) Some structural abnormality in urinary tract 2) Recently admitted to hospital 3) Disease most likely will spread to kidneys
47
what are the natural defenses found in the urinary tract?
``` A) complete voiding of bladder B) peristalsis C) mucous layer D) normal microbiota E) pH ```
48
UTI can spread to kidney and cause __________
pyelonephritis
49
what does UPEC stand for?
Uropathogenic E. coli
50
UPEC Can adhere to uroepithelial cells through _____
Fimbriae
51
Acute cystitis (i.e., uncomplicated UTI) from UPEC is associated with what molecule?
Fimbrial antigen FimH
52
Pyelonephritis caused by UPEC is associated with the expression of what?
P fimbriae
53
UPEC production of aerobactin and hemolysin is associated with what?
Pyelonephritis
54
Proteus mirabilis is a cause of what?
uncomplicated UTI
55
P. mirabelis UTI's tend to be more severe than ______ induced UTI's
E. coli
56
Proteus mirabilis virulence factors
1) Flagella 2) fimbriae that can attach to urinary epithelium 3) A proteases 4) Urease
57
what is Urease? what does it cause?
enzyme produced by Proteus mirabilis -causes an increase in the pH of urine
58
Urease is toxic to ____ _____
renal cells
59
Urease enhances the formation of what?
"struvite" urinary stones
60
what medication is the first choice for UTI's?
TMP/SMX triemethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
61
Klebsiella forms what kind of colonies when cultured? why does it form these colonies?
Large, mucoid colonies form due to large capsule
62
_____ _____ infections are usually associated with Klebsiella
Respiratory tract
63
Klebsiella virulence factors:
1) Pili (type 3 for resp. tract) 2) enterotoxin 3) Aerobactin 4) Antiphagocytic capsule
64
what is the primary virulence factor for Klebsiella?
Antiphagocytic capsule
65
the enterotoxin of Klebsiella is similar to ST and LT of Salmonella, meaning it can cause _________
secretory diarrhea
66
Helicobacter pylori | Among the most prevalent __________________
Gram-negative GI bugs
67
Helicobacter pylori is transmitted through _____-to-____ contact
oral-to-oral | can also be transmitted from fecal to oral
68
H. pylori In the gi tract is found only in the what?
mucous overlying mucous secreting cells of the stomach
69
Helicobacter pylori is responsible for what conditions?
A) erosive gastritis B) Ulcers C) MALT lymphoma D) Gastric Adenocarcinoma
70
what is meant when microbiologists call H. pylori a "slow bacteria"?
the infection can occur in months, and the diseases can take years/decades to develop
71
T/F: H. pylori is resistant to stomach acid
False
72
how does H. pylori survive in the stomach?
produces large amounts of urease
73
Inflammatory effector molecules of H. pylori cause the release of ________ from epithelial cells
IL-8 | cytokine release
74
inhibiting somatostatin causes what?
an increase of gastrin production (somatostatin inhibits its release) -thought to be the cause of cancer from H. pylori
75
T/F: treating H. pylori is quick and relatively hassle-free
False. Treatment is intense and has many side effects
76
what is the first line of treatment for H. pylori
A) proton pump inhibitor | B) antibiotic cocktail
77
H. pylori is believed to cause cancer by Downregulating ___________-producing D-cells in the stomach
somatostatin

Immuno/micro final (16 decks)

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