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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > STEEPLECHASE - NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

STEEPLECHASE - NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
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Taenia multiceps (tapeworm) - with double ring of rostellar hooks

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2
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Cestode - proglottids

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3
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General cestode adult morphology, segmented

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4
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Taenia multiceps cyst (coenurus) in sheep brain

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5
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Coenurus cyst on left cerebral hemisphere in 6 m/o lamb

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6
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General appearance of taenia/echinococcus eggs

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7
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Thelazia - nematode

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8
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Thelazia callipaeda

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9
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Muscid fly - Thelazia vector

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10
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Clinical signs of Thalezia - eye lesions - cloudy and ulcerated cornea, ulcerated eye

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11
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Surface and cut views of cerebrum of 20 y/o Paint horse with histologically confirmed EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, due to Sarcocystis neurona)

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12
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Sciatic nerve

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13
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14
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15
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16
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Dog, transverse slice - grey mass on floor of right ventricle

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17
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Dog, transverse slices, asymmetric ventricle dilation

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18
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(Representative samples taken from brain)

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19
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Frontal lobe/basal nuclei

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20
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Thalamus

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21
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Thalamus

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22
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Midbrain

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23
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Pons

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24
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Brainstem/cerebellum

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25
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Brainstem

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26
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Spinal cord

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27
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28
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29
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30
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Guinea pig

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31
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Ferret

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32
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Cat

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33
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Dog

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34
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Horse

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35
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36
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Symmetrical lesions - sheep, polioencephalomalacia

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37
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Tumour

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38
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Embolic encephalitis

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39
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Suppurative meningitis

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40
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Dog, hydrocephalus

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41
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Leucomalacia

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42
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Poliomalacia

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43
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Malacia - grossly = cavitation and haemorrhage e.g. abscess

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44
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Malacia

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45
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Fibrosis

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46
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Describe the lesion

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47
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48
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Contusion = bruising, ruptured capillaries

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49
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Haematoma in subarachnoid

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50
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Haematoma in intracerebral space

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51
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Penetrating brain injury

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52
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Penetrating brain injury

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53
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Microchip in miniature dog breed through foramen magnum into brain

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54
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Tract of gun shot - penetrating brain injury

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55
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Contusion of spinal cord

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56
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Intervertebral disc disease

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57
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Intervertebral disc disease

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58
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Intervertebral disc disease

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59
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy “Wobbler syndrome”

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60
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy “Wobbler syndrome”

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61
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62
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63
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Foramen magnum - site of herniation, brain pushed out underneath

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64
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First arrow = Falx cerebri, second arrow = Falx cerebelli, third arrow = tentorium cerebelli (sites of herniation)

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65
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Tentorium cerebelli (site of herniation)

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66
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Sites of herniation

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67
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68
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69
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70
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71
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72
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73
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Infarction

74
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75
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Multiple cerebral infarctions due to Strongylus Vulgaris aberrant larval migration - can be found in mesenteric vessels in abdomen -> gut lesions (wedge-shaped)

76
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Focal haemorrhage and softening in thalamus

77
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78
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Describe the lesion and its pathogenesis

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Multi-focal dark lesions scattered through WM + GM, pin-point, dark-red to black, vascular origin in WM and GM

79
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Polioencephalomalacia

80
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants

81
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants

82
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Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants - fluorescence of lesions under UV light

83
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84
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Thiamine deficiency in carnivores - bilaterally symmetrical foci - malacia in grey matter of brainstem

85
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Thiamine deficiency in carnivores - bilaterally symmetrical foci - malacia in grey matter of brainstem

86
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - humans, thiamine deficiency

87
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Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

88
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89
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90
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FSE = focal symmetrical encephalomalacia

91
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Oedema disease in pigs

92
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Oedema disease in pigs

93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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Diffuse suppurative meningitis - pig

98
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Suppurative meningitis

99
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100
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Gitter cells - microglia containing phagocytosed material (in cerebral abscess)

101
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102
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103
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104
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105
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106
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107
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108
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Rabies virus - spread via nerves

109
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Gliosis - viral infections

110
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Perivascular cuffs with gliosis (inflammation due to viral infections)

111
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112
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113
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114
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Canine distemper virus

115
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116
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117
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118
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Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast) - clean exudate lesions + pyogranulomatous lesions

119
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Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)

120
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GID = coenurus, Taenia multiceps

121
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122
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Granulomatous menigoencephalomyelitis (GME)

123
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124
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Classical, C-type BSE, rostral brain, particularly in frontal cortex

125
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H-type BSE - white matter of cerebellum

126
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L-type BSE - molecular and granular layers of cerebellum

127
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128
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129
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Healthy cow brain under microscope

130
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131
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132
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Hydrocephalus - in utero infection with canine parainfluenza virus via stenosis of mesencephalic aqueduct (virus injures ependyma), brachycephalic dog breeds

133
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Cerebellar hypoplasia - feline parvovirus

DDx - feline panleukopenia virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, border disease virus - cause selective necrosis of external granular layer cells

134
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Leptomeningeal melanosis - non-pathogenic, neuronal and ceroid lipofuscinosis = cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy with yellow-brown discolouration

135
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Anaemia

136
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Multifocal cerebral infarcts with malacia and haemorrhage, occlusion caused by metastatic bronchoalveolar carcinoma

137
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Thalamic infarct - systemic hypertension, sepsis, coagulopathy, cerebral neoplasm, vascular malformation, hypothyroidism

138
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Cerebral oedema - vasogenic (extra fluid accumulation, renal failure), cytotoxic (endothelial cell swelling then nerve cell), hydrostatic (interstitial) (inc hydrostatic pressure from obstructive internal hydrocephalus) or hypo-osmotic (abnormal osmotic gradient)

139
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Gyral herniation - increased intracranial pressure, cerebral swelling, oedema

140
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Meningocele - secondary to cranium bifidum - dorsal midline cranial defect, can be caused by griseofulvin (medication to treat fungal infections) in pregnant cats, both are types of dysraphia (fusion failure/defect)

141
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Lissencephaly (smooth brain) - failure of neuronal migration/development, most lab animal species = normal anatomical finding, anencephaly = absence of cerebral hemispheres

142
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Suppurative meningitis - Strep suis, Hemophilus parasuis, E. coli, Salmonella cholerasuis (any ages, but tends to be more granulomatous than suppurative)

143
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Locally extensive granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)

144
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Cryptococcus spp. - mucicarmine stain, Cuterebra spp. causes unilateral ischaemic necrosis, most common in areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery

145
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Thrombotic meningoencephalitis - histophilus somni, DDx Chlamydia pecorum (sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis)

146
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Pyogranulomatous vasculitis / encephalitis due to FECV (feline enteric coronavirus) mutation -> FIPV, type IV HS -> non-effusive form (small to medium veins affected) (effusive form = type III HS)

147
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Meningioma - most common brain tumour in dogs + cats, typically benign (rare variant = paranasal meningioma - arises from meningeal arachnoid cells that are trapped within or outside bone during development of skull, horses and dogs)

148
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Metastatic cerebral haemangiosarcoma often at GM and WM interface

149
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Cerebral oligodendroglioma - well-demarcated, grey + gelatinous, canine gliomas (malignant brain tumours usually found deep within brain tissue) = second most common brain tumours in dogs, common in brachycephalic breeds

150
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Cholesteatoma (cholesterol granuloma) - repeated trauma/haemorrhage within choroid plexus

(In horses, also known as cholesterol granulomas, develop in choroid plexus of lateral ventricles may occlude interventricular foramen and cause internal hydrocephalus

151
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Cortical laminar necrosis with neuronal necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) due to thiamine deficiency, sulfur toxicity, lead toxicity in ruminants

Sequela: cortical atrophy +/- hydrocephalus

152
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Nigropallidal encephalomalacia - yellow star thistles poisoning, bilaterally symmetrical sharply demarcated foci of yellow discolouration (malacia) in globus pallidus (pallidal) + substantia nigra (nigro), histo = primary neuronal necrosis

153
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Encephalomalacia, multifocal, subacute, moderate, random (white matter predominant), Clostridium perfringens type D (epsilon toxin), bilaterally symmetrical malacia due to vascular injury, sites - internal capsule, basal nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, rostral colliculus and substantial nigra, pons, corona radiata of frontal cortex and cerebellar peduncles

154
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Leptomeningeal fibrosis - Canine senile meningeal fibrosis, brain from an aged dog with numerous leptomeningeal collagenous plaques

155
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Spinal cord infarction - fibrocartilaginous emboli

156
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Scoliosis, congenital

157
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy - Wobbler’s syndrome, vertebra on bottom is stenotic, vertebra on top is normal, dogs - large breeds (8 mo - 1 yr, affects C5-C7)

158
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159
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160
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161
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162
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163
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164
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165
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Listeria

166
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Listeria - neurological form, circling disease, lesion distribution in caudal brain stem

167
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Listeriosis - visceral, septicaemic phase, systemic infection

168
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Listeriosis

169
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Listeriosis, perivascular cuffing - bacterial colonies around blood vessel

170
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IHC - Listeria monocytogenes

171
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Listeriosis - granulomatous encephalitis, sheep

172
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Septicaemia, visceral listeriosis

173
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Third eyelid prolapse - CS of listerisosis

174
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Subacute abscess of medulla of cow, listeriosis

175
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Medullary abscess - cow, listeriosis

176
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Degeneration and necrosis of neurones, arrows pointing to listeria in tissues

177
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Listeriosis

178
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Rabies - encephalitis, Negri bodies = virus factories in the brain, aren’t always present and hard to see

179
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Flavivirus

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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