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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Eye Pathology III - Uvea > Flashcards

Eye Pathology III - Uvea Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eye? (3)

A
  • Fibrous (outer) layer – composed of the cornea and sclera
  • Vascular (middle) layer – the uvea (pigmented layer)
  • Neuroectodermal (inner) layer – composed of the retina and optic nerve
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2
Q

Cross-sectional anatomy of eye + what is the uvea divided into? (3)

A

Anterior uvea:

  • Iris – the colourful part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil
  • Ciliary body - produces aqueous humour

Posterior uvea:

  • Choroid - noruishes the retina
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3
Q
A
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4
Q
A

Normal aqueous humour movement within the eye

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5
Q

What is persistent pupillary membrane (PPM)?

A

Failure of anterior chamber - goes from fibrovascular mesenchyme to atrophy; persistence of membranous tissues (connective tissues + blood vessels not regressed completely) (congenital disease)

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6
Q

Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) - embryology, what does it affect? (9)

A

Congenital disease

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7
Q
A

Uveal cyst

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8
Q

What are uveal cysts? (5)

A
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9
Q
A

Purulent - resolved uveitis, doesn’t have active inflammation, no congestion, hyperaemia, neovascularization, blepharitis or inc blink rate. Hypopyon present = pus cells (purulent material - inflammatory cells)

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10
Q

What is uveitis and what does it result from?

A
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of uveitis? (16)

A
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12
Q

How is uveitis classified? (3)

A
  • Serous
  • Suppurative
  • Granulomatous or lymphoplasmacytic
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13
Q

What is serous uveitis? (3)

A
  • Acute serous uveitis has - protein-rich fluid exudation, sometimes with fibrin.
  • Immigration of neutrophils in the iris.
  • Protein-rich fluid readily percolates (filters) through the loose stroma to enter the anterior chamber -> aqueous flare.
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14
Q

What is suppurative uveitis? (3)

A
  • Reflects a bacterial pathogenesis.
  • Usually bilateral when it is a reflection of haematogenous localisation.
  • Can see clumps of material adhering to the corneal endothelium as keratic precipitates or settling eventually as hypopyon (inflammatory cells within anterior chamber), so you can see clumps of neutrophils in there.
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15
Q

What is granulomatous uveitis? (2)

A
  • Characterised by granulomatous inflammation and lymphoplasmacytic uveitis
  • Most common type of uveitis encountered in enucleated globes
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16
Q
A

Uveitis

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17
Q

What is hyphaema? (4)

A
  • Collection of blood inside front of eye between cornea and iris
  • Can see glaucoma because the blood cells can plug up the drainage angle of the eye, leading to increased intraocular pressure of the eye, leading to glaucoma
  • Can also see cataracts or changes in the lens
  • Shrinkage of the whole globe due to chronic change, when it comes to diagnosing hyphaema
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18
Q

What are the causes of hyphaema? (3)

A
  • Ocular disease e.g. severe uveitis
  • Congenital anomalies
  • Systemic disease which causes bleeding into the eye
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19
Q

How is hyphaema diagnosed? (7)

A
20
Q
A

Pupil miosis

21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q

What are the causes of uveitis? - infectious agents (6)

A
  • Bacterial e.g. Brucella canis - causes chronic lymphocytic endopthalmitis (inflammation of internal eye tissues), may enter haematogenously via penetrating wounds
  • Mycotic e.g. Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Protozoal e.g. Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Encephalitozoon cuniculi
  • Parasitic e.g. Ocular encephalitzoonosis in rabbits
  • Viral e.g. canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis), Feline Infectious Peritonitis-associated uveitis, bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
  • Protothecosis = algae, protheca histologically similar to mycotic endopthalmitis
24
Q

What are the causes of uveitis? - Immune-mediated (3)

A
  • Canine uveodermatologic syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada–like syndrome) - Akitas, Siberian Huskies and Samoyeds
    • Histological lesion = destructive granulomatous endophthalmitis with abundant dispersal of melanin

Induced by endogenous antigens:

  • Equine recurrent ophthalmitis (periodic ophthalmia)
  • Lens-induced uveitis
  • Characterised by lymphoplasmacytic uveal inflammation - suggestive of chronic inflammation, lymphocytes have time to form lymphoid aggregates and perivascular cuffs
25
Q

What must be considered with immune-mediated pathogenesis of uveitis? (3)

A
  • Understanding of the unique immune status of the globe.
  • Immune privilege - even though picks up the antigens that come in contact with the eye, it tells the body, do not overreact to this.
  • Degree of immune deviation is affected if there is a break in the blood-aqueous barrier.
  • If you have a large amount of antigen within the eye, it counteracts the immunosuppressive effect within the globe -> increased risk of releasing autoantigens.
26
Q

What are the other causes of uveitis? (4)

A
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Trauma
  • Primary ocular disease - endogenous to eye
  • Uveitis secondary to systemic neoplasia, infection or immune-mediated diseases (exogenous causes)
27
Q
A
28
Q
A

Ocular encephalitzoonosis

29
Q

How is uveitis diagnosed? (7)

A
30
Q

What does anterior uveitis involve? (6)

A
31
Q

What is glaucoma?

A
32
Q

What does normal aqueous movement involve? (3)

A
  1. When fluid drains out eye, can drain into blood vessels - episcleral + conjunctival veins
  2. Into the venous system then vortex system
  3. Through ciliary muscle interstitium to suprachoroid + diffuses through sclera
33
Q

What are the stages of glaucoma? (6)

A
34
Q

What are the lesions of glaucoma? (3)

A
35
Q

What are the corneal lesions of glaucoma? (5)

A
36
Q
A
37
Q

What are the uveal lesions of glaucoma? (4)

A
38
Q

Which part of the retina is less severely affected due to glaucoma in all species?

A

Dorsal half compared to ventral retina

39
Q

How are retinal ganglion cells and the optic disc affected by glaucoma? (4)

A
40
Q

What is primary glaucoma?

A
41
Q

What is secondary glaucoma?

A

E.g. Iris bombe = bowing of iris due to collection of aqueous humour in posterior chamber

42
Q
A

Pectinate ligament dysplasia

43
Q

What is pectinate ligament dysplasia? (3)

A
44
Q

What are the causes of secondary glaucoma? (5)

A
  • Corneal trauma
45
Q

How is glaucoma diagnosed? (7)

A

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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