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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Parasites of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Parasites of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

List common parasites of the nervous system (4)

A
  • Taenia multiceps (tapeworm)
  • Eyeworms
  • Sarcocystis neurona (protozoa)
  • Neospora caninum
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2
Q

Taenia multiceps - type of parasite, definitive, intermediate hosts, diseases caused (5)

A
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3
Q

Taenia multiceps definitive host

A

Dog (farm dogs), wild canid

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4
Q

Taenia multiceps intermediate hosts

A

Sheep, goat, cow, pig, horse human

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5
Q

Taenia multiceps metacestode location

A

Brain, CNS

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6
Q

Taenia multiceps metacestode name

A

Coenurus cerebralis = GID in sheep (larval stage_

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7
Q

Taenia multiceps cysts in goats

A

Cysts can mature in subcutaneous and intramuscular sites, metacestode = Coenurus gaigeri

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8
Q

Taenia multiceps life cycle (9)

A
  1. Eggs or gravid proglottids in faeces and passed into the environment
  2. Embryonated eggs and/or gravid proglottids ingested by intermediate host (sheep)
  3. Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall, and circulate to tissue - oncospheres develop into coernuri in tissue of intermediate host (brain + spinal cord (CNS tissue))
  4. Canids (definitive host) infected by ingesting infected intermediate host
  5. Scolex attaches to intestine - series of proglottids become more sexually mature so move away from scolex, terminal proglottids are gravid (egg-containing)
  6. Adults in small intestine - eggs/gravid proglottids pass out in faeces + contaminate faeces + environment
  7. Embryonated eggs ingested by human host (occasionally infected)
  8. Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to tissue
  9. Coenuri may develop in any organ, being more common in the brain and eyes
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9
Q

Taenia multiceps adult morphology (3)

A
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10
Q

Taenia multiceps pathogenesis (7)

A
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11
Q
A

Taenia multiceps cyst (coenurus) in sheep brain

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12
Q

Clinical signs of acute coenurosis (5)

A
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13
Q

Clinical signs of chronic coenurosis (7)

A
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14
Q

Diagnosis of taenia multiceps in intermediate hosts (4)

A
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15
Q

Diagnosis of taenia multiceps in definitive host

A

Dogs - presence of tapeworm segments in perianal area or proglottids/eggs in faeces

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16
Q

Taenia multiceps treatment (2)

A
  • Surgery to remove cyst – success rate up to 85% = expensive
  • Most farmers slaughter sheep fit for market & euthanase others
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17
Q

Taenia multiceps control (3)

18
Q

Taenia multiceps vaccine trial info (7)

19
Q

Coenurosis in humans - distribution, infection route, symptoms, treatment (6)

20
Q

Where do taenia multiceps cysts develop in the intermediate host? (4)

A
  • One cerebral hemisphere
  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebellum
  • Most commonly one cerebral hemisphere but can develop in cerebellum or spinal cord
21
Q

What are the types of eye worms in different species? (4)

A
  • Cattle - Thelazia rhodesi
  • Horses - Thelazia lacrymalis
  • Cats and dogs - Thelazia callipaeda
  • Poultry - Oxyspirura mansoni
22
Q

Thelazia adult morphology (3)

23
Q

Thelazia life cycle (6)

A
  1. Adults shed larvae by ovoviviparity in the conjunctiva of definitive host - directly shed (born live)
  2. First-stage larvae are ingested by insect intermediate host as it feeds on the tears of the definitive host
  3. Larvae develop into infective L3 larvae in intermediate host, L1 -> L3 in ovarian follicles in summer months -> migration of L3 to fly mouthparts
  4. Cattle, horses and dogs serve as primary definitive hosts and become infected when the insect intermediate host feeds upon their tears
  5. Adult thelazia in conjunctival sac of definitive host
  6. Humans become incidental hosts when the insect intermediate host feeds on their tears (very occasionally infected)
24
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of Thelazia (6)

25
Q

Thalezia - diagnosis, treatment and control (5)

26
Q

Thalezia epidemiology (4)

27
Q

What is the intermediate host for Thelazia eye worms?

A

Muscid flies

28
Q

Which life stage of the Thelazia eye worm causes pathology?

A

Young adults - they move around

29
Q

What is Sarcocystis neurona? (4)

30
Q

Sarcocystis neurona life cycle (4)

A
  1. Definitive host = opossum, ingests sarcocyst from tissue from variety of intermediate hosts + develops in opossum tissue, particularly in the brain
  2. Development of parasite + formation of sexual stages in the interstinal epithelium Microgamont (M) and macrogamont (F) undergo fertilisation to produce unsporulated oocyst -> sporulated oocyst -> sporocyst
  3. Horse (aberrant host) ingests sporocyst
  4. Ingestion of sporcyst by intermediate hosts (cat, slunk, raccoon, sea otter)
31
Q

Sarcocystis neurona biology and transmission (6)

32
Q

Sarcocystis neurona epidemiology (2)

A
  • Dependent on presence of opossum definitive host
  • Seroprevalence: 15-98% in USA, ~36% in Brazil & Argentina
33
Q

Sarcocystis neurona risk factors for EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis) (6)

34
Q

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) clinical signs (6)

35
Q

How is equine protozoal myeloencephalitis definitively diagnosed?

36
Q

Antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) (4)

37
Q

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)/sarcocystis neurona treatment and control (5)

38
Q

In what other species has clinical disease associated with Sarcocystis neurona infection been reported in? (11)

A

Species pick up sporocysts:

  • Pony
  • Zebra
  • Raccoon
  • Cat
  • Ferret
  • Dog
  • Skunk
  • Lynx
  • Sea otter
  • Pacific harbour seal
  • Sea lion
39
Q

All horses infected with Sarcocystis neurona develop EPM (Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis)? True or false?

A

False, infection doesn’t necessarily lead to disease

40
Q

What is canine neosporosis? - intermediate, definitive hosts, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, treatment (6)

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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