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VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses > Key Terminology & Definitions - Nervous System > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Metacestode

A

Cyst location in intermediate hose

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2
Q

Gravid

A

Egg-containing

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3
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Animals born live

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4
Q

Aberrant host

A

Accidental/dead-end host

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5
Q

Glioma

A

Tumour in CNS

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6
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Astrocyte cell tumour

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7
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

Oligodendrocyte cell tumour

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8
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Dilation of ventricles, probably congenital

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9
Q

Leuko

A

White matter

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10
Q

Malacia

A

Softening and necrosis of the nervous tissue - complete loss of architecture and cells

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11
Q

Polio

A

Grey matter

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12
Q

Encephalo

A

Brain

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13
Q

Myelo

A

Spinal cord

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14
Q

Leukoencephalomalacia

A

Affecting white matter of the brain

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15
Q

Coup blunt force brain trauma

A

Lesions immediately below the site of the impact, more severe if the head is stationary but mobile at impact

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16
Q

Contre- coup blunt force brain trauma

A

Brain moves within solid skull, lesions away from the site of impact , more severe if impact is with a stationary object

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17
Q

Contusion

A

Bruising, ruptured capillaries, blunt force trauma, brain or SC collide with bone, damage to microvasculature (haemorrhage and oedema)

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18
Q

Haematoma

A

Focal accumulation of blood

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19
Q

Myelomalacia

A

Spinal cord necrosis/softening of spinal cord

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20
Q

Vasogenic oedema in brain

A

Injury to vascular endothelium -> breakdown of BBB -> inc permeability + leakage /permeation of plasma, fluid spreads between cells (intersitium), white matter offers less resistance to passage of fluid in the interstitium -> oedema is more severe (grey matter has dense neuropil)

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21
Q

Cytotoxic oedema

A

Intracellular = hydrotropic degeneration in other tissues, astrocytes, neurones, endothelial cells -> swelling of the cytoplasm +/- nucleus

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22
Q

Hydrostatic (interstitial) oedema

A

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space, commonly around ventricles with hydrocephalus - forces fluid out into surrounding tissues

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23
Q

Hypo-osmotic oedema

A

Over consumption of water leading to dilution of plasma - over hydration e.g. marathon runner, normal CNS and CSF is slightly higher osmolality than plasma, further reduction of plasma osmolality fluid to move into brain tissue, salt poisoning in pigs

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24
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced O2 supply, cytotoxic oedema (cell swelling) -> necrosis

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25
Q

Anoxia

A

Complete lack of O2 supply

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26
Q

Vascular obstruction

A

Ischaemia e.g. thromboembolism -> infarction

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27
Q

Cessation of cerebral circulation

A

Hypoxia -> anoxia e.g. cardiac arrest

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28
Q

Sustained hypotension

A

Hypoxia e.g. shock

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29
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Reduced arterial oxygenation e.g. sever pneumonia, severe anaemia, CO poisoning, asphyxiation

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30
Q

Impaired cell utilisation of O2

A

E.g. Cyanide poisoning, fluoroacetate (1080) poisoning

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31
Q

Dorsal nerves =

A

Sensory

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32
Q

Ventral nerves =

A

Motor

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33
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain (doesn’t always mean infectious agent)

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34
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of SC

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35
Q

Encephalomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the brain and SC

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36
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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37
Q

Leptominenigitis

A

Inflammation of the leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater) = thin meninges over the brain

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38
Q

Pachymeningitis

A

Inflammation of the pachymeninges (dura mater)

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39
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous and infectious particles, smaller than the smallest known virus, resistant to most disinfectants + treatments

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40
Q

Prion diseases

A

(Prionoses) chronic progressive fatal NS diseases characterised by spongiform encephalopathy

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41
Q

White matter

A

Myelin, inside in brain, outside SC

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42
Q

Grey matter

A

Outside in brain, inside SC

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43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Prefrontal association area -coordinates information from other association areas, controls some behaviours

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44
Q

Primary motor cortex + motor association area (premotor cortex)

A

Skeletal muscle movement

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45
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatic sensory cortex, sensory association area - sensory info from skin, MSK, viscera and taste buds, proprioception, conscious perception of pain, touch and temp (body feelings)

46
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual association area, visual cortex - Vision

47
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory function, behaviour and memory

48
Q

Symmetrical lesion

A

Affecting whole organ = metabolic, endocrine, toxic

49
Q

Focal lesion

A

Often infectious - bacterial, or abscess or tumour

50
Q

Multifocal lesion

A

Vascular, embolic (showering of thrombi/septic emboli from other parts of body e.g. heart valve

51
Q

CNS fibrosis

A

Fibrogenic cells restricted to meninges and vascular

52
Q

Derivation of normal anatomy

A

Malformations

53
Q

Space-occupying mass

A

Tumour, abscess, granuloma, cyst

54
Q

Malacia

A

With inflammation (abscesses), degeneration and tumours

55
Q

White matter pallors/softening

A

Myelin

56
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Trauma, vascular lesion, tumour, inflammation

57
Q

Primary traumatic lesion injury

A

Mechanical disruption of tissue - penetrating wounds (compressed fracture of skull), haemorrhage and oedema (vasogenic) - brain swelling, confined -> knock-on effects in tissues

58
Q

Secondary traumatic lesion injury

A

Occurs within hours to days after injury, cascade of changes, frequently fatal, haemorrhage and oedema (cytotoxic)

59
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Space-occupying lesion in CNS - contusion and haematoma, goes out into epidural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral space, eventually stopped by pressure of the calvarium (skull portion including braincase)

60
Q

Oedema

A

Causes compression of the CNS within the bony vault of the skull or vertebrae due to 1^y or 2^y injury, can occur as part of congenital disease e.g. hydrocephalus, cytotoxic/vasogenic/hydrostatic/hypo-osmotic (may get combination), localised = less clinical effect

61
Q

Cervical stenotic myelopathy

A

“Wobbler syndrome” - large breed horses, dogs, young, rapid growing, static or dynamic types, lead to cord depression (similar to disc herniation), axonal swelling followed by necrosis

62
Q

Gyri

A

Folds or bumps in the brain

63
Q

Sulci

A

Indentations or grooves of brain

64
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes (site of herniation)

65
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Strong crescent-shaped sheet that represents an invagination of the meningeal layer of the dura mater into the longitudinal fissure, found between the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres (site of herniation)

66
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Small sickle-shaped fold of dura mater projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres.

67
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Second largest dural fold after the falx cerebri, lies in the axial plane attached perpendicularly to the falx cerebri and divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments (site of herniation)

68
Q

Vermis

A

Midline of cerebellum

69
Q

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

A

O2 supply to brain, anastomose ventral to the brainstem and at the circle of WIllies, major cerebral arterial vessels have extensive anastomoses in leptomeninges

70
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Pia mater and arachnoid (inner meninges)

71
Q

Infarction

A

Obstruction of blood supply, because of abundance of lipids (v. soft) and enzymes and relative lack of firbous connective tissue in CNS, infacts undergo liquefactive necrosis and soften (malacia) and swell

72
Q

Arterial infarcts of grey matter

A

Red (haemorrhagic) in acute phases

73
Q

Arterial infarcts of white matter

A

Pale - grey matter has a denser capillary network than WM

74
Q

Venous infarcts

A

In GM + WM appear haemorrhagic (rarer)

75
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary movements of the eye

76
Q

Opisthotonus

A

Strange ‘star gazing’ posture

77
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

Thiamine deficiency

78
Q

Equine leukoencephalomalacia

A

Fungal toxin - fumonisin B, eating mouldy feed

79
Q

Focal symmetric encephalomalacia (FSE)

A

Clostridial toxin

80
Q

Oedema disease in pigs

A

E. coli toxin, enterotoxaemic colibacillosis

81
Q

Enzootic ataxia

A

Copper deficiency - neurodegenerative disorder in sheep and goats; ‘Swayback’

82
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Granules in the cytoplasm of nerve cell bodies that are strongly stained by basic dyes and appear as basophilic clumps on light microscopy. They consist of aggregates of free polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

83
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Reactive change that occurs in the cell body of damaged neurones, involving the dispersal and redistribution of Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes) in order to meet an increased demand for protein synthesis such as is required to regenerate axons.

84
Q

Hypomyelinogenesis

A

Absence or reduction of myelination, congenital, toxic or viral, often associated with tremor in young animals

85
Q

Leukodystrophy/myelinolytic disease

A

Loss of myelin that had initially been formed, mainly genetic basis

86
Q

Spongy myelinopathies

A

Vacuolation of myelin sheath (no loss of myelin, it is retained), idiopathic/genetic, hepatic and renal encephalopathy more common

87
Q

Blood-brain-barrier

A

Capillary level - endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytic foot processes, endothelial cells - adherent junctions, tight junctions, transport systems that reduce paracellular flux, tighter barrier around endothelium

88
Q

Microglia

A

Resident phagocytes of brain, similar to macrophages involved in neuronphagia = removal of individual neurones (viral infections)/neuropil

89
Q

Astrocytes

A

React non specifically to many stimuli, fill in tissue spaces (bit like fibroblasts)

90
Q

Bacterial lesion

A

Suppurative, fibrinous, fibrinopurulent inflammation

91
Q

Viral lesion

A

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

92
Q

Fungal/viral/mycobacteria lesion

A

Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation

93
Q

Parasitic lesion

A

Eosinophilic inflammation

94
Q

Gitter

A

Microglia that phagocytose cellular debris in the brain

95
Q

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)

A

Feedlot cattle, caused by Histophilus somni, acute vasculitis, haemorrhages and thrombosis

96
Q

Histophilus somni

A

Gram -ive coccobacillus, normal inhabitant of respiratory flora

97
Q

Rarefaction

A

Less dense on histo = spongiosis

98
Q

Listeriosis

A

Meningoencephalitis, brain stem (pons, medulla, cerebellum, thalamus), route of infection - Listeria monocytogenes - penetrates damaged oral mucosa, ascends axons of trigeminal nerve into medulla oblongata -> inflammation of leptomeninges +/- extension

99
Q

Gliosis

A

Proliferation of larger glial cells (cells that support nerve cells = astrocytes, microglia + oligodendrocytes). These new glial cells can cause scars in your brain (due to viral infection)

100
Q

Perivascular cuffs

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells around blood vessels (inflammation)

101
Q

Distemper virus

A

Targets WM

102
Q

EHV-1 in horses

A

Tropism for endothelial cells -> vascular lesions

103
Q

Demyelination histo

A

Rarefaction (spongiosis - vacuolation) in WM

104
Q

Protozoan infection

A

Tachyzoites -> necrosis (+/- inflammation), cysts (containing bradyzoites) -> little host reaction

105
Q

Coenurosis (Gid)

A

Taenia multiceps metacestode name (cyst matures into this larval stage)

106
Q

Granulomatous menigoencephalomyelitis (GME)

A

Non-infectious encephalitides (auto-immune disease), probably T-cell-mediated delayed-tye hypersensitivity reaction, white matter and leptomeninges, granulomatous inflammation and perivascular cuffs, toy breeds (poodles, terriers)

107
Q

Necrotising meningoencephalitis (NME)

A

Non-infectious encephalitides (auto-immune disease) - type unknown, GM of cerebral cortex, necrosis, inflammation and gliosis (pugs, Maltese + chihuahua)

108
Q

CWD

A

Chronic masting disease (cervidae = deer) (prion disease/transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)

109
Q

TME

A

Transmissible mink encephalopathy (prion disease/transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)

110
Q

FSE

A

Feline spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease/transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)

111
Q

ARR

A

High resistance (never absolute), scrapies (sheep)

112
Q

VRQ

A

High susceptibility to scrapie

VMS2007 Pathology of the Endocrine, and Neurological Systems and Organs of Special Senses (36 decks)

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