Circulatory Disease of the CNS

Question 1

What is the most common cause of swelling of the brain?

Answer 1

Question 2

Brain oedema - causes (5), localised (5), generalised (2)

Answer 2

Question 3

What is vasogenic oedema and what does it cause? (8)

Answer 3

Question 4

What is cytotoxic oedema and what does it cause? (5)

Answer 4

Oedema leads to swelling -> reduces blood flow -> hypoxia -> oedema due to hard case on outside -> dec blood flow to brain

Question 5

What is hydrostatic (interstitial) oedema? (2)

Answer 5

Question 6

What is hypo-osmotic oedema? (4)

Answer 6

Question 7

Brain oedema - gross appearance

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the three sites of herniation? (3)

Answer 8

Question 9

What is cerebellar coning?

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Histologic appearance of vasogenic brain oedema

Answer 11

Question 12

Brain oedema - spongiosis, histological appearance

Answer 12

Question 13

Causes of cerebral vasogenic oedema - where is it a prominent feature in? (9)

Answer 13

Question 14

Causes of cerebral cytotoxic oedema (2)

Answer 14

Question 15

How is oedema caused due to traumatic brain injury? - primary and secondary effects (5)

Answer 15

Question 16

Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury - oedema, necrosis, haemorrhage

Answer 16

Question 17

Secondary injury - multiple processes involved

Answer 17

Question 18

Cerebral hypoxia - order of sensitivity of cells in the brain (4)

Answer 18

Question 19

What are the causes of hypoxic brain injury? (5)

Answer 19

Question 20

Vascularisation of the brain (7)

Answer 20

Question 21

What is cerebral infarction?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is infarction caused by and why is it less common in dogs than humans? (3)

Answer 22

Question 23

What are the causes of cerebral infarction? (9)

Answer 23

Question 24

What are the consequences of vascular obstruction - what do they depend on? (3)

Answer 24

Question 25

Gross appearance of cerebral infarcts (4)

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Multiple cerebral infarctions due to Strongylus Vulgaris aberrant larval migration - can be found in mesenteric vessels in abdomen -> gut lesions (wedge-shaped)

Question 27

Answer 27

Focal haemorrhage and softening in thalamus

Question 28

Progression of cerebral infarcts - timings of ischaemic event and tissue changes (5)

Answer 28

Question 29

What are fibrocartilagenous emboli (3)

Answer 29

Question 30

Describe the lesion

Answer 30

Multi-focal dark lesions scattered through WM + GM, pin-point, dark-red to black, vascular origin in WM and GM