States of Consciousness (2-4%) Flashcards
Circadian Cycles
any 24 hour cycle ( physical, mental, behavior) sleep, waking, eating
-primarily respond to light dark cycles
-controlled by hypothalamus releases neurotransmitter, serotonin
Dualism
believes everything consists of two materials, thought and matter
-continues after death
Monism
everything is the same substance
-thought dies with the body
Altered State of Consciousness
everything is the same substance
-thought dies with the body
Attention
a state of focused awareness
Preconscious
ideas, memories, feelings that can easily be brought to awareness
-memory bank
Subliminal Perception
unconscious perception of a stimuli
Unconsiousness
loss of responsiveness to the environment
Sleep Cycle
4-6 cycles of sleep
lasts 90-100 minutes each
EEG
measures brain waves or brain activity
Hypniagogic Jerks
twitching movements
Sleep Spindles
small bursts of rapid electrical activity
Sonnambulism
sleepwalking
Sleep Paralysis
when major muscle groups are paralyzed during sleep
-waking up unable to move
Newborn Hours of Sleep
16-18 hours
Teen Hours of Sleep
9-10 hours
Memory Consolidation Theory
sleep is necessary to consolidate new information from daily experiences into long term memory (schemas)
-children sleep more because they are taking in more information
Adaptive Sleep Theory
conserves energy and restores body
-evloved to protect sleeper from harm
(not safe to walk in dark)
REM Behavior Disorder
act out dreams while sleeping
Narcolepsy
conserves energy and restores body
-evloved to protect sleeper from harm
(not safe to walk in dark)
Most Memorable Dreams
emotional REM dreams
Lucid Dreaming
you are aware that you are dreaming and can control the story line of the dream
Activation-Synthesis Theory
dreams don’t make sense
-cerebral cortex
-rapid fire of neurotransmitters
-biological theory
Latent
underlying symbolism or meaning of a dream
Problem Solving Theory
provides an opportunity to work through everyday emotional and cognitive problems
-more dreams when stressed
Hypnosis
suggestible
Restorative Theory of Sleep
the theory that the function of sleep is to restore body and mind
-Stage 3
-rest, recuperate, rejuvenate
deprivation of delta waves can leave you sick and exhausted
Hallucinations
perceptions that have no external cause
-hypnosis, meditation, drugs, withdrawal, high emotion, concentration, fatigue
After Stimulant Effects
synapse floods with dopamine
produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, sleep disturbance, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems
Depressants
slow down central nervous system, relaxation, drowsiness, impaired judgement, and coordination
-alcohol, tranquilizers, anti-anxiety med, inhalants
After Depressants Effect
permanent damage to brain and liver
death to withdrawal
muscle tremors
Alcohol
most widely used and abused mind altering substance in the U.S.
hippocampus and cerebellum are affected
Methadone
used to wean off heroin users
Hallucinogens/ Psychadelics
alter perceptions and cause hallucinations
LSD, marijuana, mescaline, mushrooms, PCP, peyote, ecstasy
LSD
most studied and very potent hallucinations
-panic is a side affect
Hallucinogens Effects
flashbacks, psychological disorders
Psychological Dependence
use of a drug to an extent that the person feels nervous or anxious without
Withdrawal Symptoms
include intense craving for the drug and effects opposite to those the drug usually induces
-violent headaches and shaking
Consciousness
state of awareness, including feelings, sensations, ideas and perceptions
Waking Conscious
everything you think and feel
William James (factors of consciousness)
-continuous
-always changing
-personal experience
-selective
Conscious
ideas, memories, feelings that you are actively aware of
Unconscious
ideas, memories, feelings that are not available
-unconscious thoughts influence us
Nonconscious
level of consciousness devoted to bodily processes
-completely inaccessible to conscious awareness
Melatonin
hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland
-increases in low light and plays role in circadian rhythms and promoting sleep
Beta Waves
waves shown when awake and alert
Stage 1 Sleep
lightest level of sleep
-alpha waves takes over
-feeling of falling or floating
-hypniagogic jerks
-theta waves appear
-lasts 1 to 7 minutes
Stage 2 Sleep
dominated by theta waves
-sleep spindles
-k complexes
-lasts about 30 minutes
-most time spent in stage 2
K Complexes
high amplitude slow brain waves
Stage 3 Sleep
deepest level of sleep
-brain emits very slow delta waves
-heart rate, breathing, blood pressure and body temperature are at nights lowest
-sleep walking, sleep talking and night terrors
-1 hour to an hour and a half
REM
rapid eye movement
-active sleep
-body functions act as they would if you were awake
-muscles are paralyzed
most memorable dreams occur
-stress = more REM
-important for babies physical and neural growth
Deprived REM
person will become anxious, testy, hungry and have difficulty concentrating
-do not dream
-suffer mentally and emotionally
Percentage of REM
NREM- 75-80%
REM- 20-25%
Adult Hours of Sleep
8-9 hours of sleep
70+ hours of sleep
could be less than 5 hours
Sleep Deprivation
lack of sleep makes you drowsy, unable to concentrate, impairs memory and immune system
Percentage of Sleep Deprived People
66% of people do not get enough sleep
Insomnia
difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
-by far most common (10% of people are affected)
Sleep Apnea
person has trouble or stops breathing during sleep
-second most common
-very dangerous
-obesity, mental stress, airway blockage (causes)
-most common in overweight men
Dreams
mental activity during sleep
-prefrontal cortex is offline
Night Terrors
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
-2 to 6 years old
-Stage 3
Freud’s Dream Perspective
dreams allow us to see into the unconscious mind or repressed wishes
Manifest
story line
Information Processing Theory
integrate information from the day to our memory
-babies sleep more because they intake more information
Posthypnotic Suggestion
can help change unwanted behaviors such as smoking or overeacting
-pain management
-recovery of memories
Biofeedback
involves learning how to use the mind to control autonomic/biological responses
-heart rate, blood pressure, skin temp, sweat glands, migraines
Meditation
focusing attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing ones mind
-used in stress management
-brain activity looks like you are awake but very relaxed
-inner peace
Agonist
enhances neurotransmitters, activates neurons
Antagonist
inhibit neurotransmitters block activation of neurons
Psychoactive Drug
chemicals that affect mental processes and behaviors by changing conscious awareness of reality
stimulants,depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens
Stimulants
excite the central nervous system especially autonomic functions like heart and respiration rate
-increases mental alertness and reduces physical fatigue and appetite
Narcotics (opiates)
relieve pain/ induce sleep
-mimic the action of endorphins (natural pain and stress fighters)
-opum, morphine, heroin, methadone, oxycodone
-most addictive because they rapidly change brain chemistry and create tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
After Narcotics Effects
exposure to infectious diseases
death by overdose
hallucinate bugs under skin
Marijuana
enhances sensory experiences
Addiction
changes brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms
-neurons change to take in more
Tolerance
if a person uses a drug repeatedly they need more to fulfill the crave
