Research Methods (8-10%)

Question 1

Critical thinking

Answer 1

the ability and willingness to assess claims critically and make objective and supported arguments

Question 2

Psychological Test

Answer 2

procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, and values through oral and written tests

Question 3

Valid

Answer 3

A test measures what it is supposed to measure accurately

Question 4

Reliable

Answer 4

measures the same every time
- if it is valid it is automatically reliable

Question 5

Experimental method

Answer 5

hypothesis - prediction of how multiple factors are likely related
variables - factors that can have different values (affects results)
experiment - researcher manipulates variable under controlled conditions and observes response

Question 6

Independent variable

Answer 6

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Question 7

dependent variable

Answer 7

variable that changes as a result of a change in the independent variable

Question 8

Cause and Effect

Answer 8

A controlled experiment can only establish…

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

all individuals in the group of study

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

portion of the population that is chosen for experiment

Question 11

Random Selection

Answer 11

all people in the population have an equal chance to be chosen

Question 12

Random Assignment

Answer 12

All the selected have equal chance to be chosen for experiment or control

Question 13

Experimental Group

Answer 13

receives the treatment

Question 14

Control Group

Answer 14

doesn’t receive the treatment

Question 15

Norms

Answer 15

establish standards of performance

Question 16

Confounding Variables

Answer 16

anything other than the independent variable that is different between the groups

Question 17

Operational Definition

Answer 17

describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable
- must be precise for the experiment to be repeatable

Question 18

Experimental Bias

Answer 18

researchers expectations or performances influence the results

Question 19

Single Blind Procedure/Experiment

Answer 19

Participants don’t know if they are control or treatment group but the experimenter does

Question 20

Double Blind Procedure/Experiment

Answer 20

experimenter and participant don’t know if they’re control or treatment group
- gets rid of confounding variables

Question 21

Placebo

Answer 21

A false treatment

Question 22

Placebo Effect

Answer 22

subjects sometimes believe that the treatment will be effective, and they then experience an improvement in wealth or well being
- mental game

Question 23

Quasi Experiment

Answer 23

experiment on a specific group of people before actual experiment to narrow it down
- random selection is not possible

Question 24

Correlational Methods

Answer 24

look at the relationship between two variables without establishing cause and effect relationships
- the goal is to determine to what extent one variable predicts the other

Question 25

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 25

varies from 1 to -1

Question 26

Direct Positive Correlation

Answer 26

1 - one variable changes and the other variable changes also

Question 27

Direct Negative Correlation

Answer 27

-1 - one thing goes up the other goes down

Question 28

No Relation/Correlation

Answer 28

0 -One variable will not predict the other

Question 29

Naturalistic Observation or Behaviorist

Answer 29

- carried out in the natural environment - person being researched cannot know they are being researched on

Question 30

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 30

people will alter their behavior because of the researchers attention and not because of the actual treatment

Question 31

Survey

Answer 31

questions or interviews to ask large numbers of people advantage- cheap and reaches a lot of people disadvantage- people cheat or lie

Question 32

Random Sampling

Answer 32

participants are representation of population

Question 33

Ex Post Facto

Answer 33

starts with effect and seeks cause

Question 34

Case Study

Answer 34

method of research that involves an in-depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews observation and test scores - can be done when you can't do experiment because it is unethical

Question 35

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 35

numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample

Question 36

Central Tendency

Answer 36

describes the average most typical scores for a set of research data or distribution - what is normal

Question 37

Mode

Answer 37

the most frequently occurring score

Question 38

Bimodal

Answer 38

two or more frequents

Question 39

Multimodal

Answer 39

three or more frequents

Question 40

Median

Answer 40

the middle score when data is organized by size

Question 41

Mean

Answer 41

average of a set of scores

Question 42

Range

Answer 42

the top score minus the bottom score

Question 43

P-value/score

Answer 43

likelihood or result is caused by chances -p is greater than or equal to .05 ( can be no greater than 5%) -if value is higher than 5% it is not valid

Question 44

P

Answer 44

probable

Question 45

Positive Skew

Answer 45

mean is larger than median

Question 46

Standard Deviation

Answer 46

unit of measurement to tell us how far from normal

Question 47

Z-Score

Answer 47

your number of standard deviations away from the mean

Question 48

Negatively Skewed

Answer 48

distribution is squeezed into the negative end of distribution - mean is lower than the median

Question 49

Positively Skewed

Answer 49

skewed towards the positive side of distribution - the mean is greater than the median

Question 50

Negative Skew

Answer 50

the mean is smaller than the median

Question 51

Normal Distribution

Answer 51

percentages pic