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AP Psych Final Review > Research Methods (8-10%) > Flashcards

Research Methods (8-10%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Critical thinking

A

the ability and willingness to assess claims critically and make objective and supported arguments

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2
Q

Psychological Test

A

procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, and values through oral and written tests

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3
Q

Valid

A

A test measures what it is supposed to measure accurately

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4
Q

Reliable

A

measures the same every time
- if it is valid it is automatically reliable

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5
Q

Experimental method

A

hypothesis - prediction of how multiple factors are likely related
variables - factors that can have different values (affects results)
experiment - researcher manipulates variable under controlled conditions and observes response

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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7
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that changes as a result of a change in the independent variable

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8
Q

Cause and Effect

A

A controlled experiment can only establish…

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9
Q

Population

A

all individuals in the group of study

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10
Q

Sample

A

portion of the population that is chosen for experiment

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11
Q

Random Selection

A

all people in the population have an equal chance to be chosen

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12
Q

Random Assignment

A

All the selected have equal chance to be chosen for experiment or control

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13
Q

Experimental Group

A

receives the treatment

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14
Q

Control Group

A

doesn’t receive the treatment

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15
Q

Norms

A

establish standards of performance

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16
Q

Confounding Variables

A

anything other than the independent variable that is different between the groups

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17
Q

Operational Definition

A

describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable
- must be precise for the experiment to be repeatable

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18
Q

Experimental Bias

A

researchers expectations or performances influence the results

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19
Q

Single Blind Procedure/Experiment

A

Participants don’t know if they are control or treatment group but the experimenter does

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20
Q

Double Blind Procedure/Experiment

A

experimenter and participant don’t know if they’re control or treatment group
- gets rid of confounding variables

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21
Q

Placebo

A

A false treatment

22
Q

Placebo Effect

A

subjects sometimes believe that the treatment will be effective, and they then experience an improvement in wealth or well being
- mental game

23
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

experiment on a specific group of people before actual experiment to narrow it down
- random selection is not possible

24
Q

Correlational Methods

A

look at the relationship between two variables without establishing cause and effect relationships
- the goal is to determine to what extent one variable predicts the other

25
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

varies from 1 to -1

26
Q

Direct Positive Correlation

A

1
- one variable changes and the other variable changes also

27
Q

Direct Negative Correlation

A

-1
- one thing goes up the other goes down

28
Q

No Relation/Correlation

A

0
-One variable will not predict the other

29
Q

Naturalistic Observation or Behaviorist

A
  • carried out in the natural environment
  • person being researched cannot know they are being researched on
30
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

people will alter their behavior because of the researchers attention and not because of the actual treatment

31
Q

Survey

A

questions or interviews to ask large numbers of people
advantage- cheap and reaches a lot of people
disadvantage- people cheat or lie

32
Q

Random Sampling

A

participants are representation of population

33
Q

Ex Post Facto

A

starts with effect and seeks cause

34
Q

Case Study

A

method of research that involves an in-depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews observation and test scores
- can be done when you can’t do experiment because it is unethical

35
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample

36
Q

Central Tendency

A

describes the average most typical scores for a set of research data or distribution
- what is normal

37
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occurring score

38
Q

Bimodal

A

two or more frequents

39
Q

Multimodal

A

three or more frequents

40
Q

Median

A

the middle score when data is organized by size

41
Q

Mean

A

average of a set of scores

42
Q

Range

A

the top score minus the bottom score

43
Q

P-value/score

A

likelihood or result is caused by chances
-p is greater than or equal to .05 ( can be no greater than 5%)
-if value is higher than 5% it is not valid

44
Q

P

A

probable

45
Q

Positive Skew

A

mean is larger than median

46
Q

Standard Deviation

A

unit of measurement to tell us how far from normal

47
Q

Z-Score

A

your number of standard deviations away from the mean

48
Q

Negatively Skewed

A

distribution is squeezed into the negative end of distribution
- mean is lower than the median

49
Q

Positively Skewed

A

skewed towards the positive side of distribution
- the mean is greater than the median

50
Q

Negative Skew

A

the mean is smaller than the median

51
Q

Normal Distribution

A

percentages pic

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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