Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych Final Review > Cognition/Memory (8-10%) > Flashcards

Cognition/Memory (8-10%) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Memory

A

process by which information is acquired (encoded) stored in the brain and later retrieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Flash-bulb Memory

A

a vivid, long lasting memory of a surprising important, emotionally arousing event (9/11) (STRONG emotion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Memory is affected by…

A
  1. how well we focus our attention, our motivation
  2. interference from other events and experiences
  3. how much we practice or rehearse
  4. our state of consciousness when we learn something our state of consciousness when we recall it (colors of memory in inside out)(Mood Congruence Theory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cue Dependence Theory

A

recall best when encoding cues present during encoding are present during retrieval; these encoding cues are called encoding specificity
-AKA State Dependence
-emotional state, environmental context, mood congruence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensory Memory

A

split second holding tank for incoming sensory information
-all info from your senses (less than a second)
-passed to STM or forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of Sensory Memory

A

Iconic: photographic, split second photo of a scene
Echoic: equally brief memory of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Short Term Memory (STM)

A

if we pay attention to a stimulus from our senses it reaches STM
-also called working memory
-can store a few items of unrehearsed information for up to 30 seconds
-holds info retrieved from LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rote/Maitenance Learning

A

repeating info without assigning meaning keep it in STM (doesn’t go to LTM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Encoding

A

conversion of information into a form that can be stored in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Encoding

A

-visual code (images)
-acoustic code (sounds) *most used
-semantic code (meanings, knowledge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Selective Attention

A

determines which sensory messages get encoded
-we encode what we are attending to or what is important to us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Storage in STM

A

about 7 pieces of info
-storage = retention of information in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chunking

A

trick your STM, combining units of meaningful information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Retrieval

A

recovery of information from LTM; we scan information one at a time not all at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Forgetting in STM

A

failure to retrieve information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Decay

A

fading of information that is not rehearsed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Displacement

A

new info will push out older information (5-9 pieces in STM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM)

A

can store unlimited amount of information for unlimited amount of time
-STM anf LTM go through encoding, storing, and retrieving of info
-earliest memories are from 3-4 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

organizing new information to make it more meaningful, and integrating it with info already in LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Levels of Processing Theory

A

the deeper you process something the easier it is to remember
-learning and understanding -> most important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Encoding Failure

A

your brain fails to create a memory link (often because of distraction, you don’t elaborately rehearse, or don’t deeply process information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Storage in LTM

A

deeply processed information is better remembered than shallowly processed information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Craik and Tulving

A

claims that we best recalled material that has been processed by meaning; apply the information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of Memories

A

Procedural Memories: how to perform skill
Declarative Memories: factual information
-Semantic Memories: general info, facts
-Episodic Memories: personal experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Semantic Network Theory

A

memories are stored as nodes (concepts)
-spreading activation: when retrieving a node it stimulates related nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schema

A

cognitive structure that organizes knowledge about events or objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Schema Theory

A

episodic and semantic memories are stored as schemas for better organization and recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

A

temporary inability to remember information

29
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Primacy Effect: more likely to recall items at the beginning of the list
Recency Effect: more likely to recall items at the end of the list

30
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

when things in your environment trigger memories

31
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

misinformation effect and eyewitness memory, and the creation and nature of false memories, including memories of childhood sexual abuse
-proven that leading questions can influence us to recall false details
-feel like accurate memories to the person recalling it

32
Q

Framing

A

refers to the way that a problem is presented, messes with your own confidence

33
Q

Eyewitness Testimonies

A

-likely to contain errors
-estimates 10% of our prisoners are innocent
-different ethnicities are involved
-lawyers ask leading questions
-people allege that others have answered in a certain way

34
Q

Retrieval in LTM

A

report false details of real events or remember an event that never occurred, especially with leading questions

35
Q

Reconstruction/Constructive Recall

A

altering memories to fit schemas

36
Q

Method of Savings (relearning)

A

comparing number of trials needed to memorize info and the number of trials needed to memorize it again

37
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

explored relationship between forgetting and time; proved the relearning effect

38
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning

39
Q

Recall

A

-type of retrieval
-total retrieval of information
-ex. fill in the blank, FRQ
-hard

40
Q

Recognition

A

-identify previous items learned
-ex. multiple choice
-easy

41
Q

Forgetting in LTM (Decay Theory)

A

forgetting because we do not use a memory or connections to a memory for a long time

42
Q

Interference Theory (PORN)

A

-proactive interference: old memories interfere with the ability to remember new
-retroactive interference: new memories interfere with old memories

43
Q

Motivation Theory

A

motivated to forget
-Freud called it repression

44
Q

Replacement

A

when new information replaces old information
-VCR recording something new over an old show

45
Q

Your brain and memory

A

-hippocampus creates new information, stores new information, and the transfer from STM to LTM
-amygdala creates emotional memories mainly fear/anger (PTSD)
-thalamus stores memories

46
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

difficulty recalling old memories
-damage to thalamus

47
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

can’t form new memories
-damage to hippocampus
-prone to confabulation, which is using plausible guesses to fill in missing memories

48
Q

Procedural Memory

A

how to perform a task
-stored in the cerebellum

49
Q

Acetycholine

A

-major neurotransmitter
-connected to Alzheimer’s

50
Q

Explicit Memory

A

intentional recollection of an event or knowledge
- try to remember and you do

51
Q

Implicit Memory

A

when information from the past unintentionally is recalled

52
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

technique for organizing information to be memorized to make it easier to remember

53
Q

Pegword

A

memorizing a list of nouns that rhyme with the numbers 1,2,3 etc (Dusty Dino)

54
Q

Narrative

A

linking items in a story

55
Q

Method of Loci

A

linking items with items in rooms
-ex podium= state dependence theory

56
Q

Hueristics

A

short cut, rule that is generally but not always true that we can use to make judgements in a situation, can lead to problems we use rules of thumb to describe people and situations (confabulation)

57
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

mental shortcut that relies on most recent information
-if you watched news about a plane crash the next plane you ride will crash

58
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

an estimate of the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a typical example

59
Q

Algorithm

A

step by step directions on how to systematically solve a problem
-mathematical formula
-guessing every possible password

60
Q

If you know how to solve a problem…

A

algorithm

61
Q

If you don’t know how to solve a problem…

A

heuristic

62
Q

Belief Bias

A

when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs

63
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

explains the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome

64
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

tend to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true

65
Q

Rigidity/Mental Set

A

the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

66
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to see a new use for an object

67
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound (English has 44)
-English speakers con’t roll r’s because it is not one of our phonemes
-easiest to learn when young

68
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning, phonemes put together become morphemes and make up words

69
Q

Syntax

A

words that are properly ordered

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions