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AP Psych Final Review > Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

a reflex intended to protect the body
-it operates before sensory information can reach the brain

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls hunger, thirst, sexual arousal (libido), body temperature, endocrine system
-morning vs. night person
-directs pituitary (master) gland to direct other glands

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3
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

chemical that makes you over or under active if out of balance

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4
Q

Excitatory

A

accelerates neuron’s firing speed

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5
Q

Inhibitory

A

keeps next cell from firing

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6
Q

Dopamine

A

-reward (sex, drugs, rock and roll)
-schizophrenia

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7
Q

Seratonin

A

-mood control
-depression

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8
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-helps control alertness and arousal
-ADHD

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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-muscle control
-alzheimers

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10
Q

Afferent

A

bring information to the brain from the senses

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11
Q

Efferent

A

brings information to the glands/muscles from the brain

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

carry information between neurons

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13
Q

Resting Potential

A

a neuron when inactive

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14
Q

Firing Threshold

A

the point at which a sufficient change in electrical potential has occurred to generate a nerve impulse
-action potential

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15
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

if neurons in the brain are damaged they can change/adapt over time to experiences, age, and quality of relationships between neurons
-rewiring the brain

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16
Q

Plasticity

A

if one region of the brain is damaged, the brain can reorganize to take over its function
-diminishes with age

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17
Q

Central Nervous System

A

composed of your brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Spinal Cord

A

bundle of nerves protected by vertebrae that starts at the base of your back and runs through the center of the spine upward to the base of your skull when it joins the brain

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

smaller branches of nerves that lie outside the mid line portion of your nervous system (not encased in bone) carrying sensory information to and motor information away from your central nervous system

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20
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

stimulate voluntary (you control) skeletal muscles

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21
Q

Sensory

A

what you sense from skin and muscles -afferent

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22
Q

Motor

A

controlling movement -efferent

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23
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

part of nervous system that controls involuntary or smooth muscles (heartbeat, digestion, kidney and liver functions)

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24
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

alert system of the body that prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity
(speeds up heart rate, directs blood flow to muscles,fight or flight, blood sugar increase)

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25
Parasympathetic Nervous System
works to conserve energy and enhance the bodies ability to recover from strenuous activity (reduces heart rate, blood pressure) -brings body back to normal
26
Brain Power
helps you think, feel, learn, remember, and move -brain that is often used/strengthened -diminish in your mid 20's
27
Hindbrain
location- base of skull/on top of spinal cord contains- cerebellum, medulla, pons life support system that controls basic biological functions that keep our body alive
28
Cerebellum
posture, balance, coordinated muscle movement -affected by alcohol -fine tuning
29
Medulla
controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure -most vital to survive
30
Contralaterality
control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain -happens in the medulla
31
Pons
bridge between the spinal cord and brain -chemicals for sleep, arousal of senses and sympathetic NS, regulation of breathing and facial expressions
32
Instinct
abilities that seem to be inherited (salmon swimming up stream, butterflies/birds migrating)
33
Midbrain
location- above the pons -very small but important for muscle coordination
34
Reticular Activating System
RAS alerts the rest of the brain to incoming signals -deep coma if it stops working
35
Forebrain
location- covers the brains core -largest area of the brain -thought and reason
36
Limbic System
thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
37
Thalamus
traffic officer of the brain -receives info from the spinal cord and sends it to the appropriate area of the fore brain
38
Endocrine System
sends chemicals (hormones) to the body -hormones are produced in endocrine glands and distributed by blood/fluids
39
Adrenal Gland
adrenaline, fight or flight
40
Testosterone/Estrogen
most important for human sex drive
41
Amygdala
emotion and storage of memories associated with emotional events -fear center (PTSD) -kids/teens are more emotional
42
Hippocampus
memory formation and memory retrieval -sends memories to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere
43
Cerebral Cortex (cerebrum)
entire outside of brain -ability to learn and store complex info and to project thinking into the future -3mm thick with 3/4th of all brain cells -composed of 4 lobes
44
Fissures
(wrinkles) allow for more surface area to contain neurons
45
Divided Brain/Split Brain
left - information and processing right - laid back, art, music -look the same but have different functions -divided into 4 lobes
46
Lateralization
different functions of the left and right sides of the brain
47
Frontal Lobe
location-front of brain, behind the eyes, largest lobe function- movement, reasoning, higher level cognition, emotional control, expressive language -superego -personality housed here
48
Brocca's Area (expressive aphasia)
the ability to speak (located in frontal lobe)
49
Parietal Lobe
location-top middle of the brain
50
Somatosensory Cortex
touch sensation from the body (touch, pain, pressure)
51
Occipital Lobe
location-back portion of brain function-primary visual cortex (receives info from the eyes)
52
Visual Fields of Eyes
the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point -left, right ,right -right, left, left
53
Temporal Lobe
location-lower sides of the brain behind the ears function- auditory center(receives and interprets info from the ears) -ability to smell, taste
54
Wernicke's Area
receptive aphasia -ability to understand written and spoken language location- left temporal lobe
55
Corpus Callosum
the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by a band of nerves -it carries messages back and forth between the 2
56
Split Brain
cutting the corpus callosum controls seizures from getting ot the other hemisphere of the brain
57
Stimulation
chemicals and electricity can be used to simulate parts of the brain
58
Psychosurgery
brain surgery aimed at changing peoples thoughts and actions
59
Lesions
destruction or removal of brain matter
60
EEG
records electrical activity of the brain -sleep
61
CAT Scan
x rays passed though various angles of the brain -can only show structure not function/activity
62
MRI Scan
magnetic field
63
PET Scan
see what areas of the brain are active during certain tasks -how much of a chemical parts of the brain are asking
64
fMRI
scan shows details of brain structure with information about blood flow or brain activity during cognitive tasks -working brain
65
Neuroscience/Biopsychology
explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behaviors
66
Neurons
-basic cell of your nervous system -basic unit of structure/function of your nervous system -communicating using elctro-chemical messages
67
Cell Body (soma)
largest mass in neuron contains the nucleus
68
Nucleus
center of genetic information
69
Dendrites
root like parts of the cell that extends from the cell body where neural impulses are received
70
Axons
wire like structure that carries an impulse away from the cell body toward a synapse
71
Myelin Sheath
protective fatty insulator on some axons that speeds neural impulses along well established (most used) axons
72
Multiple Sclerosis
a disease that attacks the myelin of neurons in the central nervous system (MS)
73
Axon Terminals
(terminal button, synaptic vesicle) series of branching endpoints of an axon where one neuron communicates by sending neurotransmitters to the next neuron
74
Synapse
space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another -neurotransmitter chemicals cross to next dendrite
75
Neurotransmitter
chemical that passes between neurons

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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