Developmental Psychology (7-9%) Flashcards
Neonate
newborn baby
Rooting
turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
Schema
file folders of long term memory mental representations that organize and categorize
Assimilation
fit new information into our already existing schemas
Accommodation
modify our schemas to fit new information
Object Permanence
8-10 months
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Preoperational Stage
2-6 years
language develops with ability to think, child is very egocentric/seeing the world only through his/her point of view
Formal Operational Stage
they can manipulate more information in their heads and make inferences
Lev Vygotsky
from the outside in
sociocultural theory
Self Awareness
knowledge of oneself
Social Referencing
1-2
observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance
Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
social interactions helped them both discover and create meaning
children learn from observing the interactions of others
Zone of Proximal Development
the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
Scaffolding
assistance
Authoritarian
set very strict rules and severely punish any wrongdoings
Harry Harlow’s attachment
concluded that physical contact was even more important than food to an infant
Sex
being biologically female or male
Gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female
Conventional Level
follow rules to live up to the expectations of others “good boy/ nice girl” (stage 3)
“law and order” and do their duty (stage 4)
Secure Attachment
distressed when mother leaves
happy to see mother after and absence
Insecure Resistant
child sends mixed messages wanting to be held but them resisting when mom tries to pick them up
Erik Erikson
psychosocial development
Initiative v. Guilty
Is it okay for me to do more and act?
4-5
virtue; purpose
Industry v. Inferiority
Can I make it in this world of people and things?
6-12
virtue; competence
Intimacy v. Isolation
Can I make my love count?
18-40
virtue; love
Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Developmental Psychology
study of physical, intellectual, social and moral changes throughout the lifespan
Developmental Psychology Key Issues
unique v. shared, stability v. change, nature v. nurture, continuity v. dicontinunity
Continuity v. Discontunuity
gradual v. distinct stages
Maturation
automatic biological development of the body and nervous system over time
Temperament
infants first personality
Longitudal Study
involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time often decades
Cross Sectional Study
evaluating different age groups of people at the same time
Cohort
a group of people in one age group that share a common characteristic or experience
Cohort Effect
a group of people in the one age group that is significantly different; skews data
Prenatal Development
begins with fertilization/conception and ends with birth
Zygote
initial cell formed when z gamete cells pair, it is the earliest development stage of the embryo
Embryonic Period
(3rd through 8th week): basic forms of all body structures develop
-differentiation/specialization of cells
Fetus
begins to resemble a human; 8 weeks after conception to birth
-organs begin to function
-bone turns to cartilage
-sex organs become refined
Critical Period
specific stimuli have a major effect on development
Teratogens
alcohol, drugs, tobacco, mercury, lead, cadmium
FAS
fetal alcohol syndrome= caused by mothers who drink alcohol while being pregnant
-low intelligence, small head, flat face, misshaped eyes, flat nose, thin upper lip
Current leading cause of mental retardation
FAS
Rubella
viruses can pass into the placenta and cause birth defects
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
-follow the first large moving object
Habituation Study
decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimuli
-baby a new toy
Adolescence
puberty through adulthood
Puberty earlier than peers
most advantageous for males
cognitive development
process of how you think/ advancement of thinking
Jean Piaget
developed a stage theory of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage
birth-2
baby explores the world using his/her senses and motor interaction
stranger anxiety
8-10 months
fear of unfamiliar people
concrete operational stage
7-12
develops simple logic
conservation concepts
changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties of mass, volume, and number
reversibility
3+4=4+3
abstract thoughts
consider concepts that are hard to understand
able to think abstractly/hypothetically
Interalization
absorbing information from a specified social and environmental context
knowing how
fluid intelligence
the ability to use new information to quickly solve problems not related to learning and diminish with age
Crystallized Intelligence
learned knowledge and skills such as vocabulary, which tends to increase with age
Plasticity
your brains ability to change or adapt if damaged; decreases with age
Authoritative Parenting
parents set limits but explain the reasons for rules with their children and make exceptions when appropriate
-children grow up independent, socially capable
-best form
Permissive Parenting
parents tend to not to set firm guidelines if they set any at all, kids do whatever and parents seem to ignore their children
Insecure Avoidant
distressed when mother leaves
infant is okay with a stranger
infant shows little interest when mom returns
Easy Babies
babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable
Difficult Babies
babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw
Gender Typing
the acquisition of the roles associated with being male or female
Gender Identity
our sense of being male or female
Moral Development
refers to the growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, act ethically
Lawrence Kohlberg
believed that moral thinking develops sequentially in stages and cognitive abilities develop
Heinz Dilemna
A woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. Husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?
Preconventional Level
under 10
they do right thing to avoid punishment (stage 1)
further their self interests (stage 2)
Postconventional Level
a person will promote society’s welfare (stage 5)
universal principles that promote justice and internal moral principles (stage 6)
Carol Gilligan
Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg’s moral development theory; believed women’s moral sense guided by compassion
Society
group of people
Culture
the way that a group of people lives
ex. behaviors, ideas, attitudes
Attatchment
creation of a close emotional relationship between the primary caregiver(mother) and the baby shortly after birth
Trust vs. Mistrust
Can I trust the world?
0-2
virtue; hope
autonomy v. shame and doubt
Is it okay to be me
2-4
virtue; will
identitiy vs role confusion
Who am I and what can I be?
13-18
virtue; fidelity
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Can I make my love count?
40-64
virtue; care
integrity vs despair
Is it okay to have been me?
65-death
virtue; wisdom
