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AP Psych Final Review > Sensation and Perception (6-8%) > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception (6-8%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Subliminal Threshold

A

advertising aimed at influencing someone without the persons conscious awareness
sub-below
limen- threshold
ex; movie theater, KFC sandwich

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2
Q

BInocular Fusion

A

combination of two images into one
-vision from both eyes
-depth perception

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3
Q

Sound Intensity

A

measured in decibels

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4
Q

Gestalt’s Ideas

A

similarity, proximity, continuity, closure

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5
Q

Perceptual Inference

A

perceptions not based entirely on current sensory information but experience
(top-down processing)
ex; dog barking when you knock
-is largely automatic and unconscious and depends on active involvement and prior experience

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between sensory experiences and stimuli

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7
Q

Stimulants

A

any aspect of change in the environment that causes an organism to respond
ex; light, sound waves, chemicals

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8
Q

Sensation

A

initial electrical activity produced by a stimulus
-anytime a stimulus activates one of your sense receptors
ex; colors, forms, sounds, smells, tastes

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9
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

when sensory cells located in the sense organs detect a stimulus, they convert energy of the stimulus into electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the brain
-when an outside stimulus changes to an electrical impulse

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10
Q

Perception

A

organization of sensory information into meaningful stimuli based on past experiences
-meaningful
ex; I smell the pizza…this is good

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11
Q

Thalamus

A

directs info to correct area of cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Threshold

A

amount of a stimulus necessary for a person to sense it at all
ex; how much energy to hear a sound

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13
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum amount of physical energy required to produce a sensation (can be detected correct 50% of the time)

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14
Q

Difference Threshold

A

minimum amount of energy change required to produce a change in sensation

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the larger or stronger a stimulus begins, the larger the change required for an observer to notice
-measures difference threshold

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16
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

senses are turned to change and are most responsive to increases and decreases of stimulation
-senses get used to constant level of stimulation
ex; smell of own home

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17
Q

False Positive (motivation in senses)

A

individuals make an unconscious decision to notice a stimulus
ex; making body think there is a deer

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18
Q

False Negative

A

not perceiving a stimulus that is present

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19
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

studies the relations between motivation, sensitivity, and decision making
-threshold will change based on the criteria
-says there is no absolute threshold because of variables like noise or exhaustion

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20
Q

Vision (visual spectrum)

A

light is the stimulus for vision
light is a wave form of radiant energy
most studied of all senses

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21
Q

Characteristics of Light

A

hue(color)- wavelength
amplitude(brightness)- height of the waves
saturation(purity)- complexity of waves

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22
Q

Process of Vision

A

enters cornea, then pupil, iris, lens, retina, rods and cones, fovea, bipolar to ganglion, axons, optic nerve, occipital lobe

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23
Q

Cornea

A

protective covering of the eye

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24
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the eye

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25
Q

Iris

A

opens and closes the pupil to allow more or less light

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26
Q

Lens

A

focuses/magnifies

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27
Q

Retina

A

back of inner eye that contain 2 types of light sensitive receptors

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28
Q

Rods

A

only exist on the outer part of the retina, night vision, movement, many more rods (75 to 150 million)
to see in low light conditions

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29
Q

Cones

A

work best in the daylight, middle of retina, (6 to 7 million), and color

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30
Q

Fovea

A

greatest visual acuity in bright light because the fovea is made of only cones
-most bright light

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31
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

rods and cones are connected to the ganglion cells by bipolar cells
-neurons in retina that gather information from the bipolar cells are called ganglion cells, their axons create the optic nerve

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32
Q

Order of Cells

A

ganglion, bipolar, cones, rods

33
Q

Blind Spot

A

is where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no rods or cones)

34
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

where the nerves cross each other in the eye

35
Q

Monocular

A

single eye vision

36
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

one cone for blue, one cone for red, one cone for for green, these combine to produce all colors
how we see color

37
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

visual system treat pairs of colors as opposing; explains after images
-if you are staring at something red the look away you see green
-or see an image somewhere else

38
Q

Characteristics of Sound Waves

A

amplitude(loudness)- height of waves
frequency(pitch)- how many waves in a time period
timbre(purity)- complexity of a wave- telling one voice from another

39
Q

Process of Sound

A

pinna, auditory canal, ear drum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cilia, auditory nerve, cochlear nerve, temporal lobe

40
Q

Pinna

A

acts as funnel for sound waves which then enter the auditory canal

41
Q

Ear Drum/Ossicles

A

contains the 3 ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

42
Q

Oval Window

A

a membrane that forms the barrier between the fluid, inner ear and the rest of the ear

43
Q

Cochlea

A

sound waves are transferred into the fluid in the cochlea that is lined by the basilar membrane which is lined with sense receptors called cilia

44
Q

Transduction Points

A

retina and cochlea

45
Q

Cilia

A

sense receptors from the beginning of the auditory nerve which then sends info to the temporal lobes
-hair like

46
Q

Place Theory

A

we hear different frequencies of sound because of where the cilia are located in the cilia

47
Q

Frequency Theory

A

we sense pitch because the hair like cells fire at different rates in the cochlea

48
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

obstruction of the auditory canal or damage to the ear drum or ossicles
-outer ear
-ear plugs causing on purpose
-corrected by hearing aids

49
Q

Nerve Deafness

A

caused by repeated exposure to loud noises
-inner ear

50
Q

Sound Localization

A

sound reaches one ear faster and louder than the other ear and tells us where the sound is coming from
-hard to determine when the sound is directly behind you

51
Q

Vestibular System

A

the body’s sense of balance in the inner ear
-3 semicircular canals tell your body how it is moving

52
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

chemical molecules hit the smell receptors in the inner nose and are transported to the brain

53
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

connects to the amygdala and then to the hippocampus
-explains why smell triggers memory

54
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals that produce odor used as a method of communication between organisms

55
Q

Taste Buds

A

tongue has around 9,000 taste buds on it
-taste buds are in mouth and throat and are housed in papillae
-regenerate every 7-10 days
-much of taste comes from our sense of smell

56
Q

Umami

A

savory associated with some meat, vegetables and cheese

57
Q

5 Taste Sensations

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

58
Q

Tasters

A

taster; normal taste
non taster; does not respond to taste like a taster food all seems bland
super taster; all food has a very string flavor
-comes from genetics

59
Q

Infants Avoid

A

infants avoid sour or bitter food
-evolutionary psychology believes this protects them from potential poisons in the environment

60
Q

Skin Senses

A

pressure(pain) and temperature come from receptors in skin
-some receptors are highly concentrated (fingertips)
-others have few receptors (middle of your back or calf)

61
Q

Pain

A

makes it possible for you to prevent damage to your body
-emergency system that demands immediate action

62
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

experience of pain depends on whether the message gets past the neurological “gate” in the spinal cord
-thoughts and feelings can affect our reaction to pain

63
Q

Phantom Pain (neuromatrix theory)

A

brain can generate pain on its own external stimulation
-about 1/3 of amputees report phantom limb pain

64
Q

Kinesthesis

A

sense of movement and body position
-works with vestibular and visual senses to maintain posture and balance
-receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints
-walk without looking at feet
-allows movement without looking at limbs

65
Q

Vertigo

A

perceptual disability where people have a hard time connecting a letter with a appropriate sound
-sometimes reversed
-trouble with left and right physical coordination

66
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
-fill in gaps to make sense of our world

67
Q

Top-Down Processing Theory

A

what we already know affects what we perceive

68
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

states the mind constructs perception mechanically from raw sensations
-horizontal and vertical lines, curves, motion and so on builds a picture in our minds
-infants

69
Q

Figure-Ground Perception

A

ability to discriminate between figure and its background

70
Q

Held Hein Experiment

A

knows the importance of playing an active role in experiencing one’s environment
-ongoing visual experience especially in the early formative years is critical for normal development of the visual system(other senses too)
ex; cat in box

71
Q

Depth Perception (convergence)

A

the ability to recognize distances and 3D
-develops in infancy (visual cliff)
-need both eyes

72
Q

Motion Parallax

A

when you move your head from side to side or walk around the apparent movement of a stationary object relative to another
-relative motion
ex; objects in the nearby field seem to be moving faster than objects that are farther away

73
Q

Visual Cues

A

interposition (closest covers another), texture density/gradient, atmospheric perspective

74
Q

Constancy

A

perceiving objects in the same way regardless of their distance, angle, lighting

75
Q

Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

this illusion happens because of your perceptual experiences throughout your life dealing with corners

76
Q

Illusion

A

misrepresentation of physical stimuli

77
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

your ability to follow one voice in a loud area
-you hear someone say your name and immediately perceive it

78
Q

Extra Sensory Perceptions/Telepathy

A

perceiving information about the world through means other than senses

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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