Motivation/Emotion (6-8%) Flashcards
Fixed Action Pattern
an innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition
Drive Reduction Theory
Clark Hull’s theory states that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives like hunger, thirst, sex
Need
biological or psychological requirement of an organism (food, water, etc)
-a need will activate a drive, which motivates us to eat or drink, eating or drinking returns your body to homeostasis
Primary Drives
your body’s needs (food, water, sleep)
Secondary Drives
learned drives (work ethic, money)
DRT Contradictions
some experiences are just pleasurable, a drive for stimulation not just for a need
Motivation
various psychological and physiological factors that cause a person to act in a particular way
Social Motives
learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture (achievement, affiliation, curiosity, and play)
Emotion
psychological feeling about a situation
Instincts
inherited behavior patterns characteristics of a species (automatic)
-stereotypical: performed the same way throughout a species
Harry Harlow
took infant monkeys away from mothers, a “mother” of wire that provided milk and a “mother” of cloth
-if DRT was right the wire mother would be preferable, comfort might be more important than food to infants
Incentive Theory
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior pulling us toward a goal (intrinsic and extrinsic)
-behavior is not pushed by a need it is pulled by a desire
Arousal Theory
why do we do risky things?
-arousal: level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation, caused by activity in the central nervous system
Yerkes-Dodson Law
law states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
- physiological needs (food, water, sleep) 2. safety needs (am I safe and secure) 3. love/belongingness (are you loved and accepted by others) 4. esteem needs (do you feel good about youreself) 5. cognitive needs (do you want to learn) 6. aesthetic needs (are you happy with how you look) 7. self-actualization (you have reached your full potential)
Transcendence
spiritual fulfillment
Why do we eat?
-habit
-sociable
-aching sensation in stomach
Hunger
Lateral Hypothalamus: the on button for hunger, if damaged or removed an animal will die of starvation
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: the off button for hunger, if damaged or removed an animal will eat everything in sight
Paraventircular Nucleus
regulates hunger by controlling neurotransmitters
Glucostatic Theory
hypothalamus monitors the amount of glucose in the blood, insulin released by pancreas will convert the food to energy, high levels of insulin in the blood will stimulate hunger, glucagon helps convert stored energy to useful energy
Set-Point
weight around which your day to day weight tends to fluctuate
-most people who gain or lose weight will return to their set poin
Metabolism
how efficiently our body breaks down food into energy and how quickly our bodies burn it off
Eating Disorders
anorexia: stop eating to the point of starvation
bulimia: binge-purge eating
-usually in young women
Thirst
lateral hypothalamus is the on button for thirst too
-fluid content of cells and the volume of blood stimulates thirst
Sex
sex drive is controlled by hypothalamus
-increases in puberty (testosterone and estrogen levels are higher)
Sexual Orientation
the direction of an individuals sexual interest
Heterosexuality
attracted to opposite sex (90% of population)
Bisexuality
attracted to both sexes
Homosexuality
attracted to same sex (3-10% of population)
Gender Identity
a subjective feeling about being male or female
Gender Roles
stereotypical attitudes society designates as feminine or masculine
-thoughts and behaviors that accompany being male or female
Gender Typing
the adoption of roles associated with distinctions between male and female
Achievement Motive
David McCelland, desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence
-people with a high need for achievement choose challenging but attainable goals
-low need->nearly impossible or really easy goal
-college students: low achievers->fail->it was impossible anyways
high achievers-> fail -> blame yourself
Thematic Apperception (TAT)
series of pictures, make up a story
Fear of Failure
people who score higher tend to persist longer people who score lower are more likely to give up/quit
Fear of Success
motive to avoid success, found in both men and women but is more common in women with male jobs
Incentive
an external stimulus, reinforcement, or reward that motivates behavior
Incentive Theory
role the environment plays in motivating behavior
Intrinsic Motivation
you do something because you want to
Extrinsic Motivation
you do something because you get something out of it (money, recognition, attention)
Intrinsic Motivation Effects
happier and healthier
-intrinsic motivation works for longer periods of time
Overjustification Effect
Overjustification Effect
Approach - Approach Conflict
2 positive options, but you can only have one
Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict
2 negative options, and you have to choose one
Approach - Avoidance Conflict
involve whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence
Multiple Approach Conflict
includes several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects
Affiliation Motive
need to be with other people, evolutionary psychologists believe this is for survival
Emotion
a conscious feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness accompanied by biological activation and expressive behavior
-two dimensions of emotion are arousal/intensity and valence or positive/negative quality
-the greater the arousal the more intense the emotion
Evolution
fear of people and other animals that are dangerous enable th species to survive
Left Hemisphere
positive emotions
Right Hemisphere
negative emotions
Facial Expressions
6 universally recognized facial expressions
-anger, fear, surprise, sadness, joy, disgust
Opponent Process Theory
when we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in (different emotions on a rollercoaster)
Primary Appraisal
what is going on?
Secondary Appraisal
what are you going to do about it?
James Lange Theory
we feel emotion because of biological changes in our body
-see a bear->heart rate increases->scared
-NO COGNITIVE LABELS FOR EVENTS
-stimulus->arousal->emotion
James Lange Major Criticism
many emotions share the same physiological changes
Cannon-Bard Theory
you have the stimulus and the the emotion and the arousal come at the same time
-limbic system immediately changes biological functions with emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory
primary cause of emotion is interpretation of the situation, both our physiological responses and cognitive labels combine to cause emotional responses (perception is important)
-stimulus->emotion->arousal
-demonstrates emotion depends on interaction between two factors
Affective Primacy Theory
in some situations a person feels an emotion before having time to interpret the situation
-short route: thalamus and amygdala respond before cerebral cortex
Facial Feedback Theory
developed by Charles Darwin, your brain interprets the sensations or feedback from the movement of your face muscles, if you smile a lot you will be happier
Adaptation Level Theory
we quickly become accustomed to our environment and often take it for granted
Stress
process by which we appraise and respond to environmental threats
Stressors
stimuli such as heat, cold, pain, mild shock, restraint, etc that we see as endangering our wellbeing
Hans Selys General Adaptation Syndrome
a 3 stage theory of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion describes our bodies reaction to stress
Alarm
“fight or flight” sympathetic nervous system, increases glucose for energy to give strength for a fight or help us run away
Resistance
during this stage our temp, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration remain high while the levels of hormones, such as adrenaline continue to rise
-can’t stay here too long or your body will be depleted of resources
Exhaustion
if the situation is not resolved, the continued stress results in depletion of our resources and decreased immunity to diseases which may result in illnesses like ulcers, depression, or even death
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
measured in life changing units (LCUs) rates stressful events in our lives, cause stress that can lead to health problems
Catastrophes
are stressors that are unpredictable, large scale disasters which threaten us
Significant Life Events
include death of loved one, marriage, divorce, changing jobs, moving to a new home, having a baby, starting college
Daily Hassles
everyday annoyances such as having to wait in line, arguing with friends, or getting low grades in psychology
Stress and Health
high levels of stress are associated with decreased immunity, high blood pressure, headaches, heart disease, and quicker progression of cancer and AIDS
Frustration
causes aggression
-when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto an innocent target
Type A Personality
high achievers, competitive, impatient, multi-taskers, who walk and eat quickly
Type B Personality
those who are more relaxed and calm in their approach to life
Coping Strategies - Maladaptive
ordinarily fail to remove the stressors or wind up substituting one stressor for another
-aggression, indulging ourselves by eating, drinking, smoking, drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much
Coping Strategies - Adaptive
remove stressors or enable us to better tolerate them
-exercise, seeking social support from friends, or finding help through religious organizations, accept the problem
