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AP Psych Final Review > Motivation/Emotion (6-8%) > Flashcards

Motivation/Emotion (6-8%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

an innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition

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2
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Clark Hull’s theory states that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives like hunger, thirst, sex

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3
Q

Need

A

biological or psychological requirement of an organism (food, water, etc)
-a need will activate a drive, which motivates us to eat or drink, eating or drinking returns your body to homeostasis

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4
Q

Primary Drives

A

your body’s needs (food, water, sleep)

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5
Q

Secondary Drives

A

learned drives (work ethic, money)

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6
Q

DRT Contradictions

A

some experiences are just pleasurable, a drive for stimulation not just for a need

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7
Q

Motivation

A

various psychological and physiological factors that cause a person to act in a particular way

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8
Q

Social Motives

A

learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture (achievement, affiliation, curiosity, and play)

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9
Q

Emotion

A

psychological feeling about a situation

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10
Q

Instincts

A

inherited behavior patterns characteristics of a species (automatic)
-stereotypical: performed the same way throughout a species

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11
Q

Harry Harlow

A

took infant monkeys away from mothers, a “mother” of wire that provided milk and a “mother” of cloth
-if DRT was right the wire mother would be preferable, comfort might be more important than food to infants

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12
Q

Incentive Theory

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior pulling us toward a goal (intrinsic and extrinsic)
-behavior is not pushed by a need it is pulled by a desire

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13
Q

Arousal Theory

A

why do we do risky things?
-arousal: level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation, caused by activity in the central nervous system

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14
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

law states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused

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15
Q

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological needs (food, water, sleep) 2. safety needs (am I safe and secure) 3. love/belongingness (are you loved and accepted by others) 4. esteem needs (do you feel good about youreself) 5. cognitive needs (do you want to learn) 6. aesthetic needs (are you happy with how you look) 7. self-actualization (you have reached your full potential)
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16
Q

Transcendence

A

spiritual fulfillment

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17
Q

Why do we eat?

A

-habit
-sociable
-aching sensation in stomach

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18
Q

Hunger

A

Lateral Hypothalamus: the on button for hunger, if damaged or removed an animal will die of starvation
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: the off button for hunger, if damaged or removed an animal will eat everything in sight

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19
Q

Paraventircular Nucleus

A

regulates hunger by controlling neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

hypothalamus monitors the amount of glucose in the blood, insulin released by pancreas will convert the food to energy, high levels of insulin in the blood will stimulate hunger, glucagon helps convert stored energy to useful energy

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21
Q

Set-Point

A

weight around which your day to day weight tends to fluctuate
-most people who gain or lose weight will return to their set poin

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

how efficiently our body breaks down food into energy and how quickly our bodies burn it off

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23
Q

Eating Disorders

A

anorexia: stop eating to the point of starvation
bulimia: binge-purge eating
-usually in young women

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24
Q

Thirst

A

lateral hypothalamus is the on button for thirst too
-fluid content of cells and the volume of blood stimulates thirst

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25
Q

Sex

A

sex drive is controlled by hypothalamus
-increases in puberty (testosterone and estrogen levels are higher)

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26
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

the direction of an individuals sexual interest

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27
Q

Heterosexuality

A

attracted to opposite sex (90% of population)

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28
Q

Bisexuality

A

attracted to both sexes

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29
Q

Homosexuality

A

attracted to same sex (3-10% of population)

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30
Q

Gender Identity

A

a subjective feeling about being male or female

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31
Q

Gender Roles

A

stereotypical attitudes society designates as feminine or masculine
-thoughts and behaviors that accompany being male or female

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32
Q

Gender Typing

A

the adoption of roles associated with distinctions between male and female

33
Q

Achievement Motive

A

David McCelland, desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence
-people with a high need for achievement choose challenging but attainable goals
-low need->nearly impossible or really easy goal
-college students: low achievers->fail->it was impossible anyways
high achievers-> fail -> blame yourself

34
Q

Thematic Apperception (TAT)

A

series of pictures, make up a story

35
Q

Fear of Failure

A

people who score higher tend to persist longer people who score lower are more likely to give up/quit

36
Q

Fear of Success

A

motive to avoid success, found in both men and women but is more common in women with male jobs

37
Q

Incentive

A

an external stimulus, reinforcement, or reward that motivates behavior

38
Q

Incentive Theory

A

role the environment plays in motivating behavior

39
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

you do something because you want to

40
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

you do something because you get something out of it (money, recognition, attention)

41
Q

Intrinsic Motivation Effects

A

happier and healthier
-intrinsic motivation works for longer periods of time

42
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Overjustification Effect

43
Q

Approach - Approach Conflict

A

2 positive options, but you can only have one

44
Q

Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict

A

2 negative options, and you have to choose one

45
Q

Approach - Avoidance Conflict

A

involve whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence

46
Q

Multiple Approach Conflict

A

includes several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects

47
Q

Affiliation Motive

A

need to be with other people, evolutionary psychologists believe this is for survival

48
Q

Emotion

A

a conscious feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness accompanied by biological activation and expressive behavior
-two dimensions of emotion are arousal/intensity and valence or positive/negative quality
-the greater the arousal the more intense the emotion

49
Q

Evolution

A

fear of people and other animals that are dangerous enable th species to survive

50
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

positive emotions

51
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

negative emotions

52
Q

Facial Expressions

A

6 universally recognized facial expressions
-anger, fear, surprise, sadness, joy, disgust

53
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

when we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion

54
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in (different emotions on a rollercoaster)

55
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

what is going on?

56
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

what are you going to do about it?

57
Q

James Lange Theory

A

we feel emotion because of biological changes in our body
-see a bear->heart rate increases->scared
-NO COGNITIVE LABELS FOR EVENTS
-stimulus->arousal->emotion

58
Q

James Lange Major Criticism

A

many emotions share the same physiological changes

59
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

you have the stimulus and the the emotion and the arousal come at the same time
-limbic system immediately changes biological functions with emotion

60
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

primary cause of emotion is interpretation of the situation, both our physiological responses and cognitive labels combine to cause emotional responses (perception is important)
-stimulus->emotion->arousal
-demonstrates emotion depends on interaction between two factors

61
Q

Affective Primacy Theory

A

in some situations a person feels an emotion before having time to interpret the situation
-short route: thalamus and amygdala respond before cerebral cortex

62
Q

Facial Feedback Theory

A

developed by Charles Darwin, your brain interprets the sensations or feedback from the movement of your face muscles, if you smile a lot you will be happier

63
Q

Adaptation Level Theory

A

we quickly become accustomed to our environment and often take it for granted

64
Q

Stress

A

process by which we appraise and respond to environmental threats

65
Q

Stressors

A

stimuli such as heat, cold, pain, mild shock, restraint, etc that we see as endangering our wellbeing

66
Q

Hans Selys General Adaptation Syndrome

A

a 3 stage theory of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion describes our bodies reaction to stress

67
Q

Alarm

A

“fight or flight” sympathetic nervous system, increases glucose for energy to give strength for a fight or help us run away

68
Q

Resistance

A

during this stage our temp, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration remain high while the levels of hormones, such as adrenaline continue to rise
-can’t stay here too long or your body will be depleted of resources

69
Q

Exhaustion

A

if the situation is not resolved, the continued stress results in depletion of our resources and decreased immunity to diseases which may result in illnesses like ulcers, depression, or even death

70
Q

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A

measured in life changing units (LCUs) rates stressful events in our lives, cause stress that can lead to health problems

71
Q

Catastrophes

A

are stressors that are unpredictable, large scale disasters which threaten us

72
Q

Significant Life Events

A

include death of loved one, marriage, divorce, changing jobs, moving to a new home, having a baby, starting college

73
Q

Daily Hassles

A

everyday annoyances such as having to wait in line, arguing with friends, or getting low grades in psychology

74
Q

Stress and Health

A

high levels of stress are associated with decreased immunity, high blood pressure, headaches, heart disease, and quicker progression of cancer and AIDS

75
Q

Frustration

A

causes aggression
-when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto an innocent target

76
Q

Type A Personality

A

high achievers, competitive, impatient, multi-taskers, who walk and eat quickly

77
Q

Type B Personality

A

those who are more relaxed and calm in their approach to life

78
Q

Coping Strategies - Maladaptive

A

ordinarily fail to remove the stressors or wind up substituting one stressor for another
-aggression, indulging ourselves by eating, drinking, smoking, drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much

79
Q

Coping Strategies - Adaptive

A

remove stressors or enable us to better tolerate them
-exercise, seeking social support from friends, or finding help through religious organizations, accept the problem

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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