Social Psychology (Sociology) (8-10%) Flashcards
Pluralistic Ignorance
tendency of people to look toward others for cues about how to act, particularly in emergency situations
Altruism
inborn trait that prompts individuals to engage in acts of selfless sacrifice for others without the expectation of a reward
Actor Observer Error Bias
combining both; when something bad happens; the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal causes
Bloomer Study
an experiment in which teachers were told to expect certain students to be smart, they treated those students differently
result- expectation became reality-kids who were expected to do well did. reason was due to different treatment, ethical concerns for students not expected to “bloom”, used study to point out differences in minority achievement
Contact Theory
equal status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and harmony
-believed prejudices are learned so they can be unlearned through exposure
Central Route of Persuasion
use of facts, figures and information
Cognitive Dissonance
when your behavior and your attitude contradict- hypocrite
Reciprocity
give a small gift to someone and after they accept it, ask them for a donation
Aggression is Believed to be…
Frued believed it was a natural human instinct
-others see some cultures are more aggressive than others
Sociology/Social Psychology
the study of how groups and cultures shape our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors
-looks at social and situational factors
-behaviors are influenced by actions and qualities of others
Social Group
two or more individuals that share common goals and interests
Norms
rules that apply to all members of the group and govern acceptable behavior and attitudes
-allow for smooth social interactions
-predict behavior
Violate a Norm
exclusion and ridicule from group
-this can mean prison
Normative Social Influence
the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
Stanford Prison Study
guard or prison in a moch prison
-flip a coin
-6 days
-power of their role to humiliate other people
Stanford Prison Study Proved…
proved how quickly we adapt a role and that people often abuse power over others
-proved that situations can have powerful effects on morality and identity
Group Interaction
assume leadership roles, other people will help in other ways
Social Loafer
someone who is a slacker
As group size increases
the amount of work performed decreases per person
Deindividuation
loss of self awareness and tendency to engage in behavior that it unusual or uncharacteristic
-can be good or bad
Social Facilitation
tendency to perform well learned tasks better in front of others
Social Impairment/Inhibitions
when learning or performing in front of a group people tend to get nervous and not do well
Group Polarization
when a group of like minded people reach decisions that are more extreme than those made by the individuals separately
Group Think
consequence of group polarization
-group think is when like minded people are unwilling to voice opposition to the group
-challenger explosion, bay of pigs
Bystander Effect
diffusion of responsibility says the more people there are the likely you will act the fewer people there are the more likely you will act
Attribution Theory
developed as a way to understand the casual factors of our behavior
-why people do what they do
Dispositional (personal) Attribute
the individual is responsible for their actions
Situational Attribution
factors in the environment explain why someone acted the way they did
Stable Attribution
says that the person or situation can be consistent
Unstable Attribution
says the person or situation is not consistent
Self Serving Bias or Defensive Attribution Error
when evaluating yourself attribute our achievements and success to personal causes and our failures to situational factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional (personal) factors
False Consensus
tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional (personal) factors
Primacy Effect
first impressions
-the idea that early data about an individual can carry more influence than later data
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them and bring about the behavior we expected to come true
Pygmalion Effect
higher expectations lead to an increase in performance
-1968
-IQ test were randomized
Just World Phenomenon
people get what they deserve
-karma
Stereotypes
can be either positive or negative one believes all members of a group share common traits
Prejudice
unjustified negative attitude toward a person
Discrimination
unjustified negative behavior toward a group
Scapegoat Theory
when our own self worth is in doubt or is in jeopardy we become frustrated and tend to find others to blame
-Nazi’s
Ethnocentrism
belief that our culture is superior to others
-leads to an in group/ out group belief system
Out Group Homogeneity
tendency to believe all members of the group are more similar than is true
In Group Bias
peoples belief that they themselves are good people therefore , the people with whom they share group membership are thought to be good as well
Boys Camp Study (Robbers Cave)
phase one- in groups formation
phase two- friction phase
-the two groups competed in a variety of games and contests
phase three- integration
Boys Camp Study showed…
how easily opposing in groups and groups hostilities can from
-conflict resolution brought about by finding superordinate needs that transcend inter group conflict
Superordinate Goal
a desire, challenge, predicament or peril that both parties in a conflict need to get resolved, and neither party can resolve alone
-this is needed for phase 3
Jigsaw Classroom
teachers broke classroom up into diverse expert groups that learned one part of a lesson
-in order to learn an entire lesson they were dependent upon each other
Exposure Effect
the more we come into contact with someone the more likely we will like that person
Proximity
allows for exposure and attraction to grow
Whats important in becoming friends
physical attraction
-similar interests and social background
Tutor Effect
if you are less skilled as some activity getting to know someone who can help you improve
Passionate Love
the yearning to be with another person, often involves sexual attraction
Companionate Love
is an intimate non passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long term commitment
Conformity
Asch Study- 35% of people gave the wrong answer
Collectivist Cultures
(asia) are more likely to conform
Stanley Milgram
1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study
-was criticized for being unethical
How many went to 450v
miligram thought it would be 2% but 66% went to 450 v
Attitude
set of consistent beliefs and feelings
do not always predict behavior
High Self Monitor
likely to act more an expectations (peer pressure) rather than his or her own attitudes making behavior more difficult to predict
Low Self Monitor
acts on their own attitudes
- easier to predictPer
Peripheral Route
superficial information, supermodels, sports figures, funny, annoying, emotional
Foot in the Door Phenomenon
tendency to comply with a large request if we have previously complied with a smaller request
Low Ball Technique
when someone offers a much lower price on a product or service but then charges additional costs that you assumed were part of the original price
Door in the Face Technique
make a very large request we are almost certain to refuse and follow it up with a smaller one
Aggression
act of delivering an aversive stimulus to an unwilling victim
Instrumental Aggression
purpose is to satisfy a goal
Hostile Aggression
when a person feels pain, anger or frustration
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
frustration makes aggression more likely (BOBO)
Acts of Violence Witnessed by 11
100,000
1970’s
1970’s were the most violent years
Copycat Crime
replicating a crime
