stages of Atherosclerosis

Question 1

what are the 5 stages of atherosclerosis

Answer 1

1.endothelial dysfunction
2.immune cell infiltration
3. fatty streak
4.young plaque
5.unstable plaque

Question 2

endothelial dysfunction is characterised by

Answer 2

increased:
expression of adhesion molecules
chemokine and cytokine secretion
cell permeability
LDL oxidation

Question 3

what happened in immune cell filtration

Answer 3

immune cells and cholesterol infiltrate sub-endothelial space
recruits monocytes/macrophages

Question 4

what is the fatty streak phase

Answer 4

yellow layer forms = accumulation of foam cells

Question 5

what is a foam cell

Answer 5

macrophage consumes too much cholesterol so transforms into foam cell

Question 6

what is the young plaque phase

Answer 6

accumulation of foam cells and thing of fibrous cap

Question 7

what happens when foam cells cluster

Answer 7

hypoxic core that becomes necrotic (dies)

Question 8

what happens in unstable plaque phase

Answer 8

plaque becomes unstable
calcification
likely to rupture and release thrombus

Question 9

Which types of medications are commonly used to lower blood pressure in metabolic syndrome?

Answer 9

ACE inhibitors
captopril, benazepril

Question 10

How do statins help in treating metabolic syndrome?

Answer 10

lowers LDL cholesterol

Question 11

nitric oxide donors improve

Answer 11

vasoresponsiveness

Question 12

Why are insulin-sensitizing agents used in metabolic syndrome? (metformin)

Answer 12

regulate glucose metabolism
increase fatty acid oxidation
reduce inflammation

Question 13

How do GLP-1 receptor agonists assist in managing metabolic syndrome?

Answer 13

reduce blood glucose
reduce blood pressure

Question 14

how do SGLT inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin)
contribute to managing metabolic syndrome

Answer 14

reduce blood glucose
reduce blood pressure