Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

regulatory physiology and pharmacology > regulation of blood flow and pressure > Flashcards

regulation of blood flow and pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structural layers of a blood vessel?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what vessel type has the greatest pressure

A

large systemic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what vessels have lowest pressure

A

larger systemic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of cells are found in the tunica intima

A

endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up the tunic media

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what makes up the tunic externa

A

connective tissue and collagen
sympathetic nerve fibres embed in the collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what makes veins and venules unique

A

they have valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

valves are used to prevent

A

back flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do veins and venules lack

A

elastic layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what modulates diameter

A

arteries and arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name the 4 hormones that regulate vasomotor tone

A

nitric oxide
EDHF
endothelin-1
angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what cells produce nitric oxide

A

endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is nitric oxide a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor ?

A

vasodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is nitric oxide (NO) produced in endothelial cells?

A

activation of eNOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What role does calcium play in the production of nitric oxide?

A

When intracellular Ca²⁺ levels rise, they bind to calmodulin, which then activates eNOS, leading to increased production of NO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the process by which NO causes vasodilation.

A

NO diffuses from endothelial cells into the adjacent smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. Inside smooth muscle cells, NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. cGMP then triggers a cascade that results in smooth muscle relaxation, leading to vasodilation.

17
Q

What is the role of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in NO-mediated vasodilation?

A

activates protein kinase G to reduce intracellular Ca promoting relaxation of smooth muscle = vasodilation

18
Q

What role does nitric oxide play in preventing platelet aggregation and thrombosis?

A

helps prevent blood clot formation

19
Q

What is the impact of oxidative stress on nitric oxide function?

A

reactive oxygen species can reduce NO availability

20
Q

What is EDHF (Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor)?

A

released from endothelial cells contribute to vasodilation
through the hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation and decreased vascular tone

21
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which EDHF regulates vascular tone?

A

EDHF induces hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells, which inhibits calcium influx and reduces the contraction of smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased vascular tone.

22
Q

What is Endothelin-1 (ET-1)?

A

potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial cells

23
Q

How does ET-1 contribute to vasoconstriction?

A

ET-1 induces vasoconstriction primarily through ET_A receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to calcium influx, which stimulates smooth muscle contraction and raises vascular tone.

24
Q

ET-1 inhibits ______ and reduces __________ availability

A

eNOS
nitric oxide

25
Q

What is Angiotensin II (Ang II)?

A

vasoconstrictor peptide part of the RAAS

26
Q

How does Ang II affect vascular smooth muscle cells?

A

via G protein coupled receptor and intracellular Ca release

27
Q

excessive levels of Angiotensin II promotes

A

high blood pressure and vascular inflammation

28
Q

vasomodulatory hormone that’s produced in the endothelium but acts predominantly at the arteriole level within organs

A

endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)

29
Q

metabolic syndrome increases your risk for

A

cardiovascular disease
type 2 diabetes

30
Q

signs of metabolic syndrome

A

obesity
dyslipidaemia
raised blood pressure
raised blood glucose

31
Q

what plays a key role on the pathophysiology if metabolic syndrome

A

insulin resistance

32
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

33
Q

what is coronary ischaemia

A

Reduced blood flow (ischemia) in the coronary arteries, which supply the heart, can lead to angina (chest pain) or, if severe, myocardial infarction. It often results from atherosclerosis

34
Q

what is renal ischaemia

A

reduced blood flow to kidneys can lead to chronic kidney disease

35
Q

what is Carotid Artery Disease

A

Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, increases the risk of stroke

36
Q

what is a stroke

A

ischemic stroke : blood flow to part if brain is blocked
hemorrhagic stroke: burst blood vessel in brain

37
Q

what is the leading cause of elective amputation

A

peripheral arterial disease

38
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

plaque builds up, causes the arteries to thicken and harden, which restricts blood flow and reduces the flexibility of the vessels

39
Q

risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

hypertension (140/90mmHg)
high cholesterol
hyperglycaemia
insulin resistance
obesity (BMI>30kg/m2)
smoking
inactivity
age
heredity

regulatory physiology and pharmacology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions