reproductive endocrinology part 1

Question 1

explain the process of the development of male reproductive tract and external genitalia

Answer 1

embryo has XY chromosomes
males have SRY gene that codes for testes determining factor (TDF)
TDF directs differntiation of gonads to testes
the testes secret mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)
MIF causes degeneration of mullerian ducts
testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) the DHT promotes the development if male external genetalia and testosterone promotes the development of male reproductive tract

Question 2

explain the process of the development of female reproductive tract and external genetalia

Answer 2

embryo has XX chromosome
since there is no Y chromosome there is no SRY gene so the gonads develop into ovaries
due to the absence of testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor the Müllerian ducts develop into the female reproductive tract and lack of testosterone causes development of female external genitalia

Question 3

What are the key components of the male reproductive system?

Answer 3

testes, epididymis, ducts deferens, prostate gland, urethra and glans penis

Question 4

role of the testes

Answer 4

produce sperm and testosterone

Question 5

what route does sperm follow to leave male

Answer 5

testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

Question 6

where can you find leydig cells

Answer 6

in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules

Question 7

what is cryptorchidism

Answer 7

testes havent descended in adulthood

Question 8

why is it important for the testes to descend

Answer 8

to provide a lower temperature for spermatogenesis

Question 9

what are the 2 cell types in testes

Answer 9

Sertoli cells and leydig cells

Question 10

what is the function of Sertoli cells

Answer 10

spermatogenesis

Question 11

what role does testosterone have on negative feedback

Answer 11

testosterone negatively feedsback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to control secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone, FSH and LH

Question 12

name some secondary male characteristics

Answer 12

hair growth on face and chest
deep voice
thickens skin

Question 13

what is spermatogenesis

Answer 13

conversion of spermatogonia into sperm

Question 14

where in the testes is sperm produced

Answer 14

seminiferous tubules

Question 15

which cells support spermatogenesis

Answer 15

Sertoli cells

Question 16

explain 3 sages of spermatogenesis

Answer 16

1. mitotic proliferation: spermatogonia divide 4 spermatocytes are produced
2. meiosis: secondary spermatocytes form spermatids
3. spermatogenesis : spermatids converted into spermatozoa (haploid)

Question 17

which hormone is released from Sertoli cells to regulate FSH secretion

Answer 17

inhbin

Question 18

what are the 2 gonadoropic hormones secreted from anterior pituitary

Answer 18

leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 19

which cell does leutinizing hormone act on
and its effect

Answer 19

leydig cell
regulates testosterone secretion

Question 20

what cell does FSH act on
and the effect it has

Answer 20

Sertoli cells
enhances spermatogenesis

Question 21

what type of cell in the anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH

Answer 21

gonadotrope

Question 22

what is adrenarche

Answer 22

androgens like DHEA stimulate growth spurt and pubic hair growth

Question 23

what is thelarce

Answer 23

start of breast development

Question 24

what is menarche

Answer 24

onset of mental cycle increases FSH and LH

Question 25

what induces development of secondary female characteristics

Answer 25

oestrogen

Question 26

what is menopause also known as

Answer 26

oestrogen withdrawal syndrome

Question 27

name some things that happen during menopause

Answer 27

FSH levels rise
oestrogen, progesterone and inhibit fall
vaginal atrophy and breasts size decreases