Sport in Post World War II (1950 - Present)

Question 1

What are the factors that are given to explain the growth of association football

Answer 1

• urbanisation
• more free time and disposable income
• improved transport and professionalism
• social class links
• increased organisation

Question 2

How did urbanisation help the growth of association football

Answer 2

• Large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience for football
• lack of space led to purpose built, specialist facilities for playing football with space to house spectators

Question 3

How did more free time help the growth of association football

Answer 3

• workers spent less time in factories and more time available to watch and play sport
• Saturday afternoon at 3pm became the traditional time for association football matches

Question 4

How did more disposable income help the growth of association football

Answer 4

• higher wages gave the working class enough money to pay entrance money and pay for transport to matches as national fixtures began and spread football nationwide

Question 5

How did improved transport help the growth of association football

Answer 5

• development of trains enabled fans to travel to watch away fixture and increased regularity of matches

Question 6

How did increased professionalism help the growth of association football

Answer 6

• opportunities to play football professionally as a job gradually increased via broken time payments
• professional football was looked upon as a good job because it was a chance to escape the factory system of work and urban deprivation that accompanied it

Question 7

How did increased organisation help the growth of association football

Answer 7

• football became highly structured and standardised when in 1863
• national rules and codification meant that the game was far more controlled with less violence which reflected an increasingly civilised society

Question 8

What is the Bosman ruling

Answer 8

Effectively allowing footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid

Question 9

What factors have led to an increase in opportunities for women

Answer 9

• equal opportunities
• increased media coverage
• more female role models
• more provision via school PE programmes
• increased approval
• more clubs forming
• increased participation
• more free time

Question 10

How has equal opportunities led to an increase in opportunities for women to participate in football

Answer 10

• more sports are generally available and socially acceptable
• legally the sex discrimination act has been passed leading to less sexual discrimination in sport
• the war effort from women also led to the breaking down of myths and stereotypes about the physical capabilities of women

Question 11

How did more role models increase opportunities for women in football

Answer 11

There were more performers, coaches and officials for aspiring females to look up

Question 12

How did more provisions via school improve opportunities for women to play football

Answer 12

Making sport apart of the curriculum makes it mandatory for females to play sport. This can allow females to build up a liking for sport

Question 13

How has more clubs forming improved opportunities for women to play football

Answer 13

More clubs at local and professional levels means there are loads of opportunities to play sport regularly, increasing participation

Question 14

What was lawn tennis

Answer 14

A middle class invention as the middle class aspired to be like the upper in society but were excluded from or could not play real tennis

Question 15

What were the key features of lawn tennis

Answer 15

• middle class invention and played and organised by them
• use of specialist equipment
• standardised rules
• played by males and females
• public provisions

Question 16

What is the open era of tennis

Answer 16

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money

Question 17

What is the golden triangle

Answer 17

• sport at the top
• business bottom left
• media bottom right

Question 18

Define media

Answer 18

An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

Question 19

Define golden triangle

Answer 19

The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media

Question 20

Define commercialism

Answer 20

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

Question 21

Define sponsorship

Answer 21

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods

Question 22

Define merchandising

Answer 22

The practise in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another e.g. pro sports teams performers promote various products

Question 23

What are the characteristics of commercial sports

Answer 23

• professional sport ; High quality
• sponsorship and business
• sport is a part of mass entertainment
• contracts
• athletes as commodities
• wide media coverage

Question 24

What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers

Answer 24

• receiving high incomes for sport participation and commercial activities
• paid for successful results ; makes winning important
• can be put under pressure to perform when injured
• must specialise in a sport in order to compete
• entertainers become household names ; e.g. Messi and Ronaldo
• performers may suffer from a lack of privacy

Question 25

What are the effects of commercialisation on sport

Answer 25

• rules and scoring systems have been changed to prevent spectator boredom
• broadcast breaks to promote products of sponsors
• competition formats have changed ; T20 cricket
• sports played women receive less coverage ; negative impacts on participation and funding for female sports
• increased use of technology led to a more personal experience for the viewer

Question 26

Why do companies invest large amounts into sport

Answer 26

• increases sales, publicity, profit, brand awareness
• creates association with excellence (due to high level of sport) and healthy image
• opportunity to link to corporate hospitality
• sponsorship can decrease amount of tax paid by a company
• improves company morale

Question 27

Define globalisation

Answer 27

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvement in communication and travel

Question 28

How is globalisation in sport seen through

Answer 28

• sponsorship of events
• the way players are recruited to play to play for teams not in their country
• spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. 1994 World Cup was hosted in America a country not fully associated with football at the time
• increasing pressure on athletes to perform to they best ; may lead to use of illegal substances to maintain high performance levels and the rewards with them