SPLE miscellaneous facts: Flashcards
Obesity Drugs used in diabetic patients:
Orlistat (FATLOS) : blocks triglyceride uptake in the gut and may cause loose stools and flatulence.
Sibutramine (Meridia), sertonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, influences satiety and may increase thermogenic energy. Side effects of this drug include increases in blood pressure and tachycardias.
Rimonabant (Acomplia): , a selective cannabinoid (CB1) receptor inhibitor, decreases appetite and affects energy balance. Although CB1 receptors have been identified on numerous body organs, the major effect of this drug appears to be on the central nervous system.
COMMON COMPOUNDING TECHNIQUES
- Trituration: This technique is used to reduce the particle size of powders. Grinding them into a fine powder makes them easier to mix into creams or put into capsules. The key to doing this correctly is to use a mortar and pestle
- Levigation: Levigation is the act of decreasing particle size of a powder by using a non-soluble liquid. In this technique, you need a flat compounding surface, such a glass tray, a metal spatula, and your powder, mineral oil, lanolin, and/or petroleum jelly.
- Geometric Dilution: This mixing process is used when combining two or more ingredients of varying quantities together to achieve a homogeneous mixture. This can be used to mix powders, creams, or ointments.
USP Chapter 797
sterile preparations and techniques
Sterile non hazardous
USP Chapter 800
sterile hazardous
USP Chapter 795
non sterile non hazardous
the first drug approved for the treatment of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
zidovudine
-synthetic dideoxynucleoside
Class:Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- Phosphate and phosphonate derivatives of azidothymidine: **Nikavir, a new anti-HIV drug, is a phosphonate derivative of AZT
- Modification of Azido group: Results in converting into triazole ring and resultant compounds exhibited anticancer activities in addition to antiviral activities.
Proscar (Finasteride)
category: X with pregnancy in utero exposure to finasteride may lead to abnormal development of the male genital tract
Benzo chemistry
Their core chemical structure is formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring (Figure 1).
Different compounds have different side groups attached to this central structure in position 1, 2, 5, or 7. The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABAA receptor and so can modulate the pharmacological properties, the potency of the effect, and the pharmacokinetic conditions (duration of the effect, distribution, etc.).
tests for the detection of alkaloids
Mayer’s reagent: A general presumptive test for cocaine, morphine, heroin, and other alkaloids. Mayer’s reagent is a solution of potassium mercury iodide in water. A positive result is indicated by a cream precipitate.
Dragendorff’s reagent: orange or orange-red precipitate.
Wagner’s reagent; brown or deep brown precipitate
Marme’s reagent; yellow ppt
Fentanyl patch (Duragesic) counseling
Exposure of the DURAGESIC application site and surrounding area to direct external heat credits, such as heating pads or electric blankets, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot baths, saunas, hot tubs, and heated water beds may increase fentanyl absorption and has resulted in fatal overdose of fentanyl and death
Avoid the use of DURAGESIC in patients with severe renal impairment/hepatic
Each DURAGESIC patch may be worn continuously for 72 hours. The next patch is applied to a different skin site after removal of the previous transdermal system
Test for detection of vit.B12 deficiency
Schilling test
Raloxifene
Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism have been reported with raloxifene. Women with active or past history of VTE should not take raloxifene.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM); selective binding activates estrogenic pathways in some tissues and antagonizes estrogenic pathways in other tissues. Raloxifene acts like an estrogen agonist in the bone to prevent bone loss and has estrogen antagonist activity to block some estrogen effects in the breast and uterine tissues
Labeled Indications
Osteoporosis: Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal females.
Risk reduction for invasive breast cancer: Risk reduction of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal females with osteoporosis
contraindicated during pregnancy.
xaltan is the brand name of
Lanatopros for treatment of glaucoma
A test used to determine the likelihood of a patient having autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), reactive arthritis (of which one subset is Reiter syndrome), and isolated acute anterior uveitis.
HLA-B27
Test for Behçet’s disease
HLA-B51
abacavir (Zaigen) associated testing:
Due to the implications of positive results for the HLA B 5701 allele, using abacavir in treatment is contraindicated
HLA B 5701 perform direct noncovalent bonding with abacavir. Once bonded, the surface complex is altered and is then recognized as foreign by cytotoxic lymphocytes. This interaction results in the release of inflammatory cytokines that facilitate the hypersensitive response
Abacavir is contraindicated in patients with a prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir and in HLA-B*5701–positive patients
Type of drug induced Agranulocytosis;
Direct toxicity; clonazipine, phenytoin, diclofenac/endomethacin
Immune-mediated: quinidine (immune complex reaction)
Digoxin volume of distribution is increased with
hypokalemia, HYPERthyrodism,
Digoxin volume of distribution is decreased with
hyperkalemia, with Quinidine use
methotrexate antidote
Leucovorin (folinic acid) is the reduced and active form of folic acid. It selectively “rescues” normal cells from
the toxic effects caused by MTX’s inhibition of the production of reduced folates.
Thymidine rescues cells from the cytotoxic effects of MTX.
Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase); converts MTX to an inactive form and rapidly lowers MTX blood levels. It is given as a single bolus of 50 units/kg intravenously over 5 minutes.
Leucovorin should be continued for 48 hours after glucarpidase administration.
Antidote for iron overload
Defroxamine
Red urine is a common effect when taking:
Rifampin
Emergency management of anaphylaxis in adults
- IM epinephrine (1 mg/mL preparation): Give epinephrine 0.3 to 0.5 mg IM, preferably in the mid-outer thigh. Can repeat every 5 to 15 minutes (or more frequently), as needed. If epinephrine is injected promptly IM, most patients respond to one, two, or at most, three doses. If symptoms are not responding to epinephrine injections, prepare IV epinephrine for infusion.
- Place patient in recumbent position, if tolerated, and elevate lower extremities.
- Oxygen: Give 8 to 10 L/minute via facemask or up to 100% oxygen, as needed.
- Normal saline rapid bolus: Treat hypotension with rapid infusion of 1 to 2 liters IV. Repeat, as needed. Massive fluid shifts with severe loss of intravascular volume can occur.
- Albuterol (salbutamol)Ventolin : For bronchospasm resistant to IM epinephrine, give 2.5 to 5 mg in 3 mL saline via nebulizer, or 2 to 3 puffs by metered dose inhaler. Repeat, as needed.
HCV & IL28b gene
HCV is a blood borne and transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI).
Ribavirin (RBV) causes birth defects and miscarriage. HCV treatment regimens that include RBV should not be used by pregnant women or by male partners of pregnant women.
HCV has six genotypes, labeled 1 through 6. There are also subtypes labeled with letters, for example, genotypes 1a and 1b
HCV genotype 1 is harder to cure with PEG-IFN and RBV than genotypes 2 and 3
PEG-IFN and RBV are less effective for African Americans and people of African ancestry than people of other races and ethnicities.
The IL28B gene is involved in the immune response to certain viruses, including hepatitis C. There are three IL28B subtypes (called genotypes): CC, CT, and TT. People with the CC genotype have a stronger immune response to HCV infection than people with the CT or TT genotypes
Mirabegron
beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist, activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors in the bladder resulting in relaxation of the detrusor smooth muscle during the urine storage phase, thus increasing bladder capacity
polystyrene sulfonate
Potassium binder
Oral: 15 g 1 to 4 times daily.
Rectal: 30 to 50 g every 6 hours.
Phosphate Binder
Sevelamer (Renvela)
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DRUGS
Aptamers, Antisense oligonucleotides, Ribozyme nucleic acids, RNA interference and Antigene nucleic acids.
Mythelene blue is an antidote for:
Methmeglobinemia
Epinephrine can be stabilized by adding an antioxidant named;
Sodium bisulfite
Content uniformity test is used to;
Test potency
Codeine to morphine via;
Methylation via CYP 450 2D6
Drug dissolution is predicted by
Noyes Whitney equation
Suspending agents include
Methylcellulose, taraganth and karaya gum
Folic acid dose in non-pregnant women
400mcg/day
Folic acid dose in pregnant women
600mcg/day
Folic acid dose in lactating women
500mcg/day
Which drug will be more absorbed in the presence of Rantidine;
Warfarin
naproxen
Asa
Naproxen
concomitant administration of H2 blockers may increase the dissolution rate of enteric-coated naproxen, causing the drug to be released in the stomach instead of the small intestine.
In which case should we use Omeprazole as a single therapy
gastiritis
Recommended calcium dose for geriatric
1200mg/day
