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Microbiology > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial taxonomy - spiral?

A

spirochetes (Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema)

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2
Q

spirochetes - bugs and appearance

A

spiral - shaped bacteria with axial filaments

1. Borrelia 2. Leptospira 3. Treponema

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3
Q

big size spirochete?

A

Borrelia

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4
Q

spirochetes - visualized in light microscopy

A

only Borrelia, using aniline dyes (Wright or Giemsa), due to size

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5
Q

visualization of treponema

A

dark field microscopy
and
fluorescent antibody staining

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6
Q

Leptospira interrogans - found in

A

water contaminated with animal urine

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7
Q

Leptospira interrogans causes

A
  1. leptospirosis

2. Weil disease (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis)

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8
Q

Leptospirosis - symptoms

A
  1. flu like
  2. myalgias (classically in calves)
  3. jundice
  4. photophobia with conjuctival suffusion (erythema without exudate)
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9
Q

Leptospirosis - myalgias / prevelance

A

classically in calves

prevelant among surfers and in tropics (eg. Hawaii)

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10
Q

icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis is also called

A

Weil disease

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11
Q

Weil disease vs Leptospirosis - severe form?

A

Weil disease icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis

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12
Q

Weil disease (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis) - symptoms

A
  1. jaundice
  2. azotemia (from liver and kidney dysfunction)
  3. fever
  4. hemorrhage
  5. anemia
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13
Q

Lyme disease is caused by

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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14
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by

A

the Ixodes deer tick

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15
Q

Ixodes deer tick is the vector of

A
  1. Borrelia burgdorferi
  2. Anaplasma
  3. protoza Babesia
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16
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi - natural reservoir (relevance)

A

the mouse

mice are important to tick life cycle

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17
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is common in

A

northeastern United States

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18
Q

Lyme disease - symptoms

A

Stage 1: early localized: erythema migrans + flu like sympoms
Stage 2: early disseminated: secondary lesions, carditis, AV block, facial nerve palsy, migratory myalgias/transiet arthritis
Stage 3: late disseminated: encephalopathies, chronic arthritis

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19
Q

Lyme disease - treatment

A
  1. doxycycline

2. ceftriaxone

20
Q

syphilis is caused by

A

Treponema pallidum

21
Q

syphilis is divided to (and time)

A

1ry syphilis (3-6 weeks after infection)
2ry syphilis (6 weeks after resolution of 1ry)
3ry syphilis (6-40 years after infection)
Congenital syphilis
latent syphilis

22
Q

How is syphilis transmitted

A

sexually or transplacentally

23
Q

1ry syphilis - when / manifestation

A

localized disease presenting with painless chancre (3-6 weeks after infection)

24
Q

1ry syphilis - how to diagnose

A
  1. use dark-field microscopy to visualize treponemes in fluid from chancre
  2. VDRL (positive in 80%)
25
Q

1ry syphilis - VDRL

A

positive in 80%

26
Q

2ry syphilis - when

A

6 weeks after resolution of 1ry

27
Q

2ry syphilis - manifestations

A
  1. disseminated disease with constitutional symptoms
  2. maculopapular rash (including palms and soles)
  3. condylomata lata (smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals)
  4. lymphadenopahy, patchy hair loss
28
Q

2ry syphilis - diagnosis

A
  1. dark-field microscopy
  2. VDRL/RPR (nonspecific)
  3. FTA-ABS (specific, to confirm)
29
Q

syphilis - which test remains positive after treatment

30
Q

2ry syphilis - maculopapular rash including

A

palms and soles

31
Q

latent syphilis

A

positive serology without symptoms

32
Q

3ry syphilis - manifestation

A
  1. gummas (chronic granulomas)
  2. aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction)
  3. neurosyphilis (tabe dorsalis, general paresis)
  4. Argyll Robertson pupil
33
Q

tabes dorsasis - spinal cord lesion?

A

degeneration (DEMYELINATION) of dorsal columns and roots

34
Q

3ry syphilis - signs

A
  1. broad based ataxia
  2. positive Romberg
  3. absence of Deep Tendon Reflexes
  4. Stroke without hypertension
35
Q

diagnosis for neurosyphilis

A

test spinal fluid with VDRL, FTA-ABS and PCR

36
Q

Congenital syphilis - symptoms

A

OFTEN RESILTS IN STILLBIRTH, HYDROPS FETALIS

  1. facial abnormalities
  2. snuffles (nasal discharge)
  3. saddle nose
  4. notched (Hutchinson) teeth
  5. mulberry molars
  6. short maxilla
  7. saber shins
  8. CN VIII deafness
37
Q

how to prevent congenital syphilis

A

treat mother early in pregnancy, as placental transmission occurs after first trimester

38
Q

VDRL detects

A

nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipine

39
Q

VDRL - characteristics

A

inexpensive, non-specific, widely available, quantitative

40
Q

VDRL - false positive - conditions

A

Mnemonic: VDRL

  1. Viral infection (mono, hepatitis)
  2. Drugs
  3. Rheumatic fever
  4. Lupus and Leprosi
41
Q

FTA-ABS detects

A

antibodies against Treponema Pallidum

42
Q

Jarisch-Herheimer reaction??

A

flu like syndrome (fever, chills, headache, myalgia) after antibiotics

43
Q

Jarisch-Herheimer reaction after antibiotics due to

A

killed bacteria releasing (usually spirochetes) endotoxins

44
Q

Borrelia recurrentis causes

A

Relapsing fever

45
Q

Why does relapsing fever relapse?

A

antigenic variation: Borrelia recurrentis changes its surface proteins to evade the immune system

Microbiology (25 decks)

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