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Microbiology > protozoa > Flashcards

protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites are divided to

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminthes

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2
Q

Helminthes are divided to

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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3
Q

Protozoa infections are divided to

A
  1. GI infections
  2. CNS infections
  3. Hematologic infections
  4. other infections (visceral infections and STD)
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4
Q

Protozoa GI infections - bugs and diseases

A
  1. Giardia lamblia - giardiasis
  2. Entamoeba histolytica - amebiasis
  3. Cryptosporidium - diarrhea
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5
Q

Giardia lamblia - disease and symptoms

A

Giardiasis: 1. bloating 2. flatulence

3. foul smelling, fatty diarrhea

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6
Q

Giardiasis is often seen in

A

campers/hikers

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7
Q

Giardia lamblia - transmission

A

cysts in water

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8
Q

Giardia lamblia - diagnosis

A

multinucleated trophozoites or cysts in stool

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9
Q

trophozoite?

A

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host. (pathogenic state)

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10
Q

Giardiasis - treatment

A

metronidazole

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11
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - disease and symptoms

A

Amebasis: 1. bloody diarrhea (dysentery)

  1. liver abscess (anchovy paste exudate)
  2. RUG pain
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12
Q

amebiasis - gross appearance

A

flask-shaped ulcer in colon

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13
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - rout from colon to liver abscess

A

invades through the intestinal wall to enter to the bloodstream

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14
Q

anchovy paste exudate

A

Amoebic abscesses of the liver produce brownish pus, which is described as looking like “anchovy paste”

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15
Q

Entamoeba histolytica - transmission

A

cysts in water

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16
Q

Entamoeba histolytica infection - diagnosis

A
  • serology and/or
  • trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm
    or cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool
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17
Q

Entamoeba histolytica infection - treatment

A
  1. metronidazole

2. iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

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18
Q

Cryptosporidium - disease and symptoms

A 
severe nonbloody diarrhea in AIDS
Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in immunocompoment
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19
Q

Cryptosporidium - transmission

A

oocysts in water

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20
Q

Cryptosporidium - diagnosis

A

oocysts on acid-fast stain

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21
Q

Cryptosporidium - treatment/prevention

A

prevention by filtering city water supplies
notazoxamide in immunocompetent hosts
no clear treatment for AIDS patient

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22
Q

Protozoa - CNS infection - bugs and diseases

A

Toxoplasma gondi - toxoplasmosis
Naegleria fowleri - rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
Trypanosoma brucei - African sleeping disease

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23
Q

Toxoplasma gondi infection and symptoms

A
  1. Congenital toxoplasmosis –> classic triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification
  2. reactivation in aids –> brain abscess
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24
Q

Toxoplasma gondi transmission

A

cysts in undercooked meat (MC)
oocysts in cat feces
crosses placenta

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25
Q

Toxoplasma gondi - pregnant women should

A

avoid cats

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26
Q

Toxoplasma gondi - diagnosis

A

serology
biopsy (tachyzoite)
CT/MIR ring-enhancing lesion

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27
Q

Toxoplasma gondi in AIDS - CT/MIR

A

ring-enhancing lesion

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28
Q

Toxoplasma gondi infection - treatment

A

sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

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29
Q

Trypanosoma brucei - subspecies

A
  1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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30
Q

Trypanosoma brucei - disease and symptoms

A

African sleeping disease: 1. enlarged lymph nodes

2. recurring fever 3. somnolence 4. Coma

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31
Q

Mechanism of recurring fever in African sleeping disease

A

antigenic variation

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32
Q

African sleeping disease - transmission

A

Tsetse fly, a painful bit

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33
Q

African sleeping disease - diagnosis

A

Trypomastigote in blood smear

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34
Q

African sleeping disease - treatment

A

suramin for blood-borne disease

melarsoprol for CNS penetration

35
Q

Naegleria fowleri - disease and symptoms

A

rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

36
Q

Naegleria fowleri - transmission

A

swiming in freshwater lakes –> enters via cribriform plate

37
Q

Naegleria fowleri - diagnosis

A

amoebas in spinal fluid

38
Q

Naegleria fowleri - treatment

A

amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors

39
Q

Protozoan hematologic infections - bugs and diseases

A
  1. Plasmodium –> Malaria

2. Babesia –> Babesiosis

40
Q

Protozoan hematologic infections - Babesia - disease and symptoms

A

Babesiosis –> fever and hemolytic anemias

high risk of severe disease with asplenia

41
Q

Babesios - area (map)

A

northeastern US

42
Q

Babesios - high risk in

A

asplenia

43
Q

Babesios - tranmission

A

ixodes tick

44
Q

Babesiosis - treatment

A

Atovaquone + azithromycin

45
Q

Babesios - diagnosis

A
  1. Blood smear: ring form and Maltese cross

2. PCR

46
Q

Plasmodium - bugs

A

P. vivax
P. oval
P. falciparum
P. malariae

47
Q

Malaria - general symptoms

A
  1. fever
  2. headache
  3. anemia
  4. splenomegaly
48
Q

Malaria - fever according to bug

A

P. vivax/ovale –> 48hr cycle (tertian: fever on first day and third day, thus fever are actually 48hr apart)
P. falciparum –> severe. irregular fever pattern
P. malariae –> 72 hr cycle (quartan)

49
Q

malaria is AKA

A

blackwater fever

50
Q

other complications of malaria, beside general symptoms

A

occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidney, lung (esp with P. Falciparum)

51
Q

Malaria - transmission

A

anopheles mosquito (sporozoites)

52
Q

Briefly describe the life cycle of plasmodia parasite

A

sporozoites in mosquito salive enter into human blood –> sporozoites enter liver cells and multiply and differentiate –> Merozoites are release from liver cells and enter RBCs –> Multiplication and differentiation into trophozoites and gamezytes within RBCs –> RBCs rupture releasing moro trophozoites, merozoites and gametocytes –> mosquito picks up male and female gametocytes when ingesting human blood

53
Q

Malaria - relapse vs recrudescence

A

Relapse occurs in P. vivax and P. ovale infection ressults from hypnozoites –> reactivation of hypnozoites in liver
Recrudescence occurs in P. malariae and P. falciparum infections and results from incomplete eradication of the parasites

54
Q

Malaria - diagnosis

A
  1. Blood smear: trophozoites ring within RBCs, schizont containing merozoites
  2. Red granules (Schuffner stippling) through RBC cytoplasm seen with P. vivax/ovale
55
Q

Schuffner stippling

A

Red granules through RBC cytoplasm seen with P. vivax/ovale

56
Q

Malaria - treatment for every situation

A
  1. Chloroquine (for sensitive species)
  2. Mefloquine or atovaquone/proquanil (for resistant)
  3. IV quinidine or artesunate (If life threatening) –> test for G6PD
  4. P. vivax/ovale add primaquine for hypnozoite –> test for G6PD
57
Q

antimalaria drugs –> test for G6PD with which drugs

A
  1. quinidine
  2. artesunate
  3. primaquine
58
Q

Protozoa visceral infections - bugs and disease

A
  1. Trypanosoma cruzi –> Chagas disease

2. Leishmania donovani –> Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), cutaneous leismaniasis

59
Q

Leishmania donovani - disease and symptoms / aka

A 
A. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): 
1. spiking fevers
2. hepatosplenomegaly 
3. pancytopenia 
B. cutaneous leismaniasis: 1. Skin ulcers
60
Q

Leishmania donovani - transmission

A

sandfly

61
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - diagnosis

A

macrphages contating amastigotes

62
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - treatment

A

amphotericin B

sodium stibogluconate

63
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - disease and symptoms

A

Chagas disease:

  1. dialted cardiomyopathy with apical atrophy
  2. megalcolon
  3. megaesophagus
64
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - disease / map

A

Chagas disease

SOUTH AMERICA

65
Q

Chagas disease sign

A

ROMANA SIGN: unilateral periorbital swelling –> characteristic of acute stage

66
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - Transmission

A

Reduviid bug (kissing bug) feces, deposited in a painless bite

67
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi - diagnosis

A

Trypomastigote in blood smear

68
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi -treatment

A

Benzidazole or nifurtimox

69
Q

Protozoa sexual transmitted infections - bugs and disease

A

Trichomonas vaginalis –> vaginitis

70
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis - disease and symptoms

A

vaginitis:

foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching and burning

71
Q

bacterial vaginosis vs protozoal vaginitis according to symptoms

A

vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching and burning
Bcterial vaginosis: gray vaginal discharge with fishy smell, nonpainful

72
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis - transmission

A

sexual

73
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis - outside human form

A

cannot exits outside human because it cannot form cysts

74
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis - diagnosis

A

trophozoites (motile) on wet mount

strawberry cervix

75
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis - treatment

A

Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)

76
Q

treatment for all protozoal infections (except malaria)

A

Giardiasis –> Metronidazole
amebiasis –> metronidazole, iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
cryptosporidium –> prevention by filtering city water supplies, nitazoxanide in immunocompetent, no clear treatment for aids
Toxoplasma gondi –> Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine
Naegleria fowleri –> Amphotericin B
Trypanosoma brucei –> Suramin for blood-borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration
Babesia –> atovaquone + azithromycin
Tripanosoma cruzi –> Benzidazole or nifurtimox
Leishmania donovavi –> amphotericin sodium stibogluconate
trichomonas vaginalis –> Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)

77
Q

Malaria - treatment for every situation

A
  1. Chloroquine (for sensitive species)
  2. Mefloquine or atovaquone/proquanil (for resistant)
  3. IV quinidine or artesunate (If life threatening) –> test for G6PD
  4. P. vivax/ovale add primaquine for hypnozoite –> test for G6PD
78
Q

protozoa infection in asplenia

A

Babesia

79
Q

Chloroquine - mechanism of action

A

Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin –> Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia (block polymerase)

80
Q

Chloroquine - clinical use

A

plasmodium species other than P. falciparum (resistance)

81
Q

Chloroquine - P. falciparum (why)

A

resistance –>membrane pump that decreases intracellular concentration in drugs

82
Q

P. falciparum - treatment

A

artemether/lumefantrine or atovaquone/proquanil

83
Q

Chloroquine - toxicity

A
  1. Retinopathy

2. Pruritus (esp in dark-skinned individuals)

Microbiology (25 decks)

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