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RNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

RNA virus are divided to

A
  1. helical nucleocapsid

2. icosahedral nucleocapsid

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2
Q

RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram

A

helical nucleocapsid –> enveloped:

  1. SS- segmented:
    a. Bunyaviridae)
    b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
    c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
  2. SS+ nonsegmented
    a. Coronoviridae –> Coronovirus
  3. SS- nonsegmented
    a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
    b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus)
    c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
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3
Q

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram

A
  1. Nonenveloped
    A. SS+ non-segmented
    - Picornaviridae –> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
    - Caliciviridae –> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E)
    B. DS segmented –> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)
  2. Enveloped
    A. SS+ diploid –> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
    B. SS+ non-segmented
    - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
    - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis)
    C. SS- circular –> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
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4
Q

which RNA virus helical nucleocapsid are enveloped

A

all

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5
Q

RNA SS+ non segmented helical nucleocapsid virus

A

coronovirus

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6
Q

coronovirus - characteristics

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped, SS+ non-segmented

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7
Q

coronovirus causes

A
  1. common cold
  2. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  3. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
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8
Q

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented

A

a. Bunyaviridae
b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)

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9
Q

Orthomycoviridae - characteristic and virus

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (8)
Influenza A,B,C

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10
Q

Influenza viruseses - family and characteristics

A

Orthomycoviridae

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented

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11
Q

Influenza viruses - specific antigens and actions

A
  1. hemagglutinin –> promotes viral entry

2. neuraminidase –> promotes progeny virion release

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12
Q

Influenza viruses infection increases the risk for

A

fatal bacterial superinfection (Most commonly S. aureus, S. pneumonia, H. influenzae)

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13
Q

Influenza viruses - vaccines - characteristics, rout of administration, structures etc

A

Reformulated vaccine (“the flu shot”) contains viral stains most likely to appear during the flu season

  • Killed viral is most frequently used –> (injected)
  • Live attenuated vaccine contains temperature sensitive mutant that replicates in the nose but not in the lung –> intranasally
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14
Q

Influenza viruses - types of vaccines (and route of administration) (Most freq use?)

A

killed –> injected (MC)

Live attenuated –> intranasally

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15
Q

Influenza viruses - special characteristic of live cycle

A

Rapid genetic changes

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16
Q

causes of influenza virus Rapid genetic changes - ways

A
  1. Genetic shift/antigenic shift

2. Genetic drift/antigenic drift

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17
Q

genetic shift/antigenic shift mechanism

A

Reassortemnt of viral genome segments

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18
Q

Genetic drift/antigenic drift mechanism and example

A

Minor changes based on random mutation in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase

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19
Q

genetic shift/antigenic shift example

A

segments of human flu A virus reasort with swine flu A virus

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20
Q

Genetic drift/antigenic drift vs genetic shift/antigenic shift according to resutls

A
  • genetic shift/antigenic shift causes pandemics

- genetic drift/antigenic drift causes epidemics

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21
Q

Arenoviruses characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (2)

  1. Lassa virus
  2. LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
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22
Q

Lassa virus causes

A

Lassa fever ecephalitis (a form of hemorrhagic fever)

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23
Q

Lassa virus transmission

A
  • spread by rodents (contaminated food or water by rodent urine
  • person to person via bodily fluids
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24
Q

Bunyaviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (3)

  1. california encephalitis virus
  2. Rift valley river virus
  3. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
  4. Hantavirus
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25
Q

Hantavirus - characteristics clinical manifestation

A

hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia

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26
Q

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented

A

a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus)
c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)

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27
Q

Filoviridae (filovirus) characteristics and viruses and their resevoir

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented

  1. Marburg virus –> monkey reservoir
  2. Embola virus –> unknown, maybe bats
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28
Q

Embola virus - mechanism

A

targets epithelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes –> incubation period of up to 21 days –> symptoms

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29
Q

Embola virus - course

A

abrupt onset of flu-like symptoms, diarrhea/vomiting, high fever myalgia –> DIC, diffuse hemrrhage, shock –> high mortality rate

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30
Q

Filoviridae (filovirus) viruses and their outcome

A
  1. Marburg virus
  2. Embola virus
    HIGH MORTALITY
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31
Q

Embola virus - treatment

A

no definitive treatment, supportive care
Strict isolation of infected individuals and barrier practices for health care workers are key to preventing transmission

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32
Q

Embola virus - transmission

A

requires direct contact with bodily fluids or fomites (including dead bodies)

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33
Q

Embola virus - nosocomial infections

A

HIGH INCIDENCE

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34
Q

Embola virus - diagnosis

A

RT-PCR within 48hr of symptoms onset

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35
Q

lyssavirus - characteristics

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented - Rhbdoviridae

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36
Q

Rabies virus - appearance

A 
Bullet shaped virus (electrical microscope) 
Negri bodies (commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons)
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37
Q

Rabies virus - negri bodies commonly found in

A

Purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons

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38
Q

Rabies virus - source in US

A

More commonly from bat, raccoon and skunk than from dog bites in the US
- aerosol also possible

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39
Q

Rabies virus - progression of disease

A

Long incubation period (weeks to months) –> fever, malaie, agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia, hypersalivation –> paralysis and coma –> death

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40
Q

Rabies virus - pathophysiology

A

Travels to the CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons after binding to nicotinic ACH receptors

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41
Q

Rabies virus - Post-exposure prophylaxis

A
  1. wound cleaning
  2. imunization with killed vaccine
  3. rabies immunoglobulin
    (PASSIVE ACTIVE IMMUNITY)
42
Q

Rabies virus - type of vaccine

43
Q

Paramyxoviridae - characteristics and virus

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented

  1. Parainfluenza
  2. RSV
  3. Measles
  4. Mumps
44
Q

Paramyxoviridae causes disease in

A

children and infants

45
Q

all Paramyxoviridae contain (stractural characteristic)

A

surface F (fusion) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated cells

46
Q

monoclonal antibody against F protein

A

Palivizumab

47
Q

Palivizumab mechanism of action and clinical use

A
  • monoclonal antibody against F protein

- prevent pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

48
Q

RSV causes

A

respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis, pneumonia) in infants

49
Q

Mumps virus infection - symptoms

A
  1. parotitis
  2. orchitis
  3. Aseptic meningitis
  4. Pancreatisis
50
Q

Mumps virus infection - complication

A

can cause sterility, especially after puberty

51
Q

Parainfulenza causes

A

Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis)

52
Q

Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) is result in …. (and caused by)

A

is caused by Parainfulenza
results in “seal-like” baking cough and inspiratory stridor
severe croup can result in PULSUS PRADOXUS 2ry to upper airway obstruction

53
Q

Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) - image

A

Narrowing of upper trachea and subglottis lead to characteristic steeple sign on X-RAY

54
Q

Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) - sign on x-ray (only the name)

A

steeple sign

55
Q

Measles virus causes (and in greek)

A

measles (rubeola) (ιλαρά)

56
Q

measles (rubeola) usual presentation

A

prodromal fever with cough, fever and conductivities, then eventually Koplik spots, followed (1-2days) by maculopapular rash that starts on at the head/neck and spreads downward
- Lymphadenitis with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in a background of paracortical hyperplasia

57
Q

Koplik spots?? They are associated with?

A

bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precede the measles rash by 1-2 days
measles (rubeola)

58
Q

3 C’s of measels

A

Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis

59
Q

measles (rubeola) - possible sequelae

A
  1. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - years later
  2. enecephalitis (1:2000)
  3. giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in imminosuppressed)
60
Q

measles (rubeola) - treatment

A

Vitamin A supplementation can reduce measles mortality and morbidity in malnourished or vitamin-deficient children

61
Q

Picornaviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - nonenveloped - SS+ non-segmented - Picornaviridae:

  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
62
Q

Picornaviridae causes (each virus)

A
  1. Rhinovirus –> common cold
  2. Poliovirus –> polio, aseptic meningitis
  3. Echovirus –> aseptic meningitis
  4. HAV –> acute viral hepatitis
  5. Coxsackievirus –> aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mounth blisters, fever), hand - foot and mount disease, myocarditis, pericarditis
63
Q

Coxsackievirus causes

A

aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mounth blisters, fever), hand - foot and mount disease, myocarditis, pericarditis

64
Q

Picornaviridae - transmission

A

all fecal-oral except rhinovirus

65
Q

Picornaviridae - mechanism of infection

A

RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral protein

66
Q

caliciviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Nonenveloped - SS+ non-segmented –> Caliciviridae –> Calicivirus:

  1. Norovirus
  2. HEV (now it is not a calicivirus)
67
Q

Norovirus causes

A

viral gastroenteritides

68
Q

Rhinovirus - family / causes / how many types

A

picornavirus –> common cold

more that a hundred types

69
Q

Rhinovirus - special characteristics vs other picornaviruses

A

Rhinoviridae is acid labile - not destroyed by stomach acid –> not infect GI tract
- no fecal oral transmission

70
Q

Reoviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid (DOUBLE) - nonenveloped - DS segmented - reoviridae:

  1. Rotavirus
  2. Coltivirus
71
Q

Reoviridae - special characteristic of structure

A

icosahedral nucleocapsid (DOUBLE)

72
Q

viruses with double icosahedral nucleocapsid

A

Reoviridae

73
Q

Rotavirus causes

A
  • MCC of fatal diarrhea in children
  • the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis
  • Major cause of diarrhea in USA during winter especially in day care centers, kindergartens
74
Q

Coltivirus causes

A

Corolando tick fever

75
Q

rotavirus - mechanism of action

A

villous destruction with atrophy leads todecreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+

76
Q

Rotavirus - major cause of diarrhea in USA during …(and places)

A

winter especially in day care centers, kindergartens

77
Q

Rotavirus - recommendation

A

CDC recommends routine vaccination of all infants

78
Q

rotavirus vaccine type

A

live attenuated

79
Q

Poliovirus - vaccine (type and rout)

A
  1. Salk –> killed (inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)) –> injection
  2. Sabin –> live attenuated vaccines (oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)) –> oral
80
Q

Delta virus - characteristics and viruses

A

SS - circular enveloped - (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid - Delta virus:
HDV

81
Q

HDV functional special characteristics

A

HDV is a “defective” virus that requires the presence of HBV to replicate

82
Q

Delta virus - nucleocapsid

A

uncertain - NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid

83
Q

Retroviruses - characteristics and viruses

A 
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped 
 SS+ diploid --> Retrovirus 
1. HIV
2. HTLV-1
3. HTLV-2
84
Q

HTLV causes

A

T-cell leukemia

85
Q

Retroviruses - nucleocapsid

A

HTLV –> icosahedral

HIV –> NOT EXACTLY icosahedral –> complex and conical

86
Q

flaviviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped - SS+ non-segmented –> Flaviviruses:

  1. HCV
  2. Yellow fever
  3. Denque fever
  4. St Louis encephalitis fever
  5. West Nile fever
87
Q

Yellow fever - transmission / reservoir

A

Aedes mosquitoes (monkey or human reservoir)

88
Q

Yellow fever symptoms

A

high fever
black vomitus
jaundice

89
Q

Yellow fever biopsy

A

Councilman bodies (eosinophilic apoptotic globules) on liver biopsy

90
Q

Flaviviruses - name

A

Flavi = yellow, jaundice

91
Q

Yellow fever - vaccine - type

A

live attenuated

92
Q

Togaviridae - characteristics and virus

A

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped - SS+ non-segmented –> togaviruses

  1. rubella
  2. Eastern equine encephalitis
  3. Western equine encephalitis
93
Q

Rubella virus causes (and aka)

A

rubella (German (3-day) measles)

94
Q

rubella - symptoms

A

MILD disease in children but SERIOUS congenital disease

  1. Fever
  2. postauricular and other lymphadenopathy
  3. arthralgias
  4. fine rash (confluent macules that starts on the face and spread centrifugically to involve the trank and extremities
95
Q

congenital rubella causes

A
  1. Blueberry muffin appearance (rash)

2. classic triad a. PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia b. cataracts c. deafness

96
Q

congenital rubella - Blueberry muffin appearance?

A

indicative of dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis

97
Q

(-) stranded viruses - mechanism

A

must transcribe (-) strand to (+). Virion brings its own RNA-depended RNA polymerase

98
Q

arbovirus means

A

arthropod borne (mosquitos, ticks)

99
Q

arbovirus - viruses?

A
  1. all Bunyaviruses except hanta
  2. All togaviruses except rubella
  3. All flaviviruses except HCV
  4. Coltivirus
100
Q

Reovirus, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, bunyavirus - number of segments

A

Reovirus - 10-12
orthomyxovirus - 8
arenavirus - 2
bunyavirus - 3

Microbiology (25 decks)

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