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Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites are divided to

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminthes

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2
Q

Helminthes are divided to

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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3
Q

Antihelmintihic therapy - drugs

A
  1. Menbendazole
  2. Pyrantel paomate
  3. Ivermectin
  4. Diethylacarbamazine
  5. Praziquantel
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4
Q

Nematodes are also called and are divided to

A

roundworms

  • intestinal
  • tissue
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5
Q

Nematodes (roundworms) bugs and divisions

A

intestinal:

  • Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm)
  • Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
  • strongyloides stercoralis
  • Ancylostomas duodenale (hookworm)
  • Necator americans (hookworm)
  • Trichinella spiralis
    tissue:
  • ochocerca vovlulus
  • loa loa
  • wucheria bancrofti
  • Toxocara canis
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6
Q

Enterobius vermcularis is AKA

A

pinworm

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7
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - transmission

A

fecal oral

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8
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - disease

A

intestinal infection causing anal pruritus

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9
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - treatment

A

bendazoles

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10
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - diagnosis

A

seeing egg via the tape test

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11
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is AKA

A

giant roundworm

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12
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - transmission

A

fecal oral

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13
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - disease

A

intestinal infection with possible obstruction at ileocecal valve

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14
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - treatment

A

bendazoles

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15
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - microscopy

A

egg visible in feces under microscope

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16
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis - transmission

A

Larvae in soil penetrate the skin

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17
Q

Larvae?

A

distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.

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18
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis - disease

A

intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may feel like peptic ulcer)

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19
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis treatment

A

bendazoles or ivemectin

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20
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - transmission

A

larvae penetrate skin

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21
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - disease

A

intestinal infection causing microcytic anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls
Cutaneous lavra migrans

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22
Q

Cutaneous lavra migrans?

A

caused by Hookworms: pruritic, serpiginous rash from walking barefoot on contaminated beach

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23
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - treatment

A

bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

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24
Q

tissue nematodes (roundworms) - bugs

A
  1. onchocerca vovlulus
  2. loa loa
  3. wurcheria bancrofti
  4. toxocara canis
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25
onchocerca vovlulus - transmission and treatment
female blackfly bite | ivermectin
26
onchocerca vovlulus disease
1. hyperpigmented skin 2. river blindness skin nobules 3. allergic reaction to microfilaria possible 4. loss of elastic fibers
27
Wucheria bancrofti - transmission
female mosquito
28
Wucheria bancrofti - disease and symptoms (and mechanism)
ELEPHANTIASIS: worms block lymphatic vessels --> edema (takes 9 months - 1 yr after bite to become symptomatic)
29
Wucheria bancrofti - treatment
diethylcarbamazine
30
loa loa - disease?
swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva
31
loa loa - transmission
1. deer fly 2. horse fly 3. mango fly
32
loa loa - treatment
diethylcarbamazine
33
Toxocara canis - transmission nematodes migrate to bood through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage
fecal oral
34
Toxocara canis - disease and mechanism
visceral lavra migrans: nematodes migrate to bood through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage --> organs frequently affected include the heart (myocarditis) liver and CNS (seizure and coma)
35
trichinella spiralis - transmission
``` fecal oral undercooked meat (eps pork) ```
36
Toxocara canis - treatment
Bendazoles
37
trichinella spiralis - disease (mechanism and symptoms)
intestinal infection: lavrae enter bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle -> inflammation of muscle Trichinosis --> fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgias
38
Nematode routes of infection (and bugs) (generally)
1. ingested --> enterobius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella 2. cutaneous --> strongyloide, ancylostoma, necator 3. Bites --> Loa Loa, onchocerca vovlulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
39
cestodes are also called
tapeworms
40
Cestodes (tapeworms) - bugs
1. Taenia solium 2. Diphyllobothrium latum 3. Echinococcus granulosus
41
Taenia solium - transmission
1. ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork | 2. ingestion of eggs contaminated with human feces
42
Taenia solium - disease
if ingestion of eggs --> Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis | if ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork --> intestinal infection
43
Taenia solium - treatment
praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis) | albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)
44
cysticercosis - mechanism and presentation
cysticerci in skeletal muscle, brain (neurocysticercosis), eye (blindness)
45
neurocysticercosis - presentation and treatment
1. seizures 2. focal neurological deficit hydrocephalus treatment: albendazole
46
Diphyllobothrium latum - transmission
ingestion of lavrae from raw freshwater fish
47
Diphyllobothrium latum - mechanism and manifestation
competes for VB12 in intestine --> B12 deficiency --> Megaloblastic anemia
48
Diphyllobothrium latum - treatment
praziquantel
49
Echinococcus granulosus - treatment
Albendazole | hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
50
Echinococcus granulosus - transmission / host
ingestion of eggs from dog feces | Sheep are an intermediate host
51
Echinococcus granulosus - disease and mechanism
Hydatid cysts in liver causing anaphylaxis if antigens released
52
Echinococcus granulosus - treatment
Albendazole | hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
53
Cestodes are divided to ... (and treatment)
1. Taenia solium --> praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis), albendazole (for neurocysticercosis) 2. Diphyllobothrium latum --> prazuquantel 3. Echinococcus granulosus --> Albendazole, hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
54
Trematodes (flukes) - bugs / AKA
Flukes: 1. Schistosoma 2. Clonorchis sinensis
55
Schistosoma - transmission
snail are host | cercarieae penetrate skin of humans
56
Schistosoma - bugs and treatment
1. S. mansoni 2. S. japonicum 3. S. haematobium praziquantel
57
Schistosoma - disease
Liver and spleen enlargement (S. mansoni S. japonicum), fibrosis and inflammation, portal hypertension chronic infection with S. haematobium --> SCC of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension
58
Clonorchis sinensis - transmission
undercooked fish
59
Clonorchis sinensis - disease
Biliary tract inflammation --> pigmented gallstones | associated with cholangiocarcinoma
60
Clonorchis sinensis - treatment
praziquantel
61
Trematodes (flukes) - bugs and treatment
1. Schistosoma 2. Clonorchis sinensis PRAZIQUANTEL
62
Nematodes - divisions bugs and treatment
intestinal 1. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) --> bendazoles 2. Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) --> bendazoles 3. Strongyloides stercoralis --> ivermectin or bendazoles 4. Ancylostoma duodenale --> bendazole or pyrantel pamoate 5. Necator americanus --> bendazole or pyrantel pamoate 6. Trichinella spiralis --> Bendazole tissue 1. Onchocerca volvulus --> ivermectin 2. Loa loa --> diethylcarbamazine 3. Wucheria bancrofti --> Diethylcarbamazine 4. Toxocara canis --> Bendazoles
63
Helminthes are divided to ... (and treatment)
1. Taenia solium --> praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis), albendazole (for neurocysticercosis) 2. Diphyllobothrium latum --> prazuquantel 3. Echinococcus granulosus --> Albendazole, hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
64
Parasites hints - Biliary tract disease
chlonarchis siensis
65
Parasites hints - Brain cysts and seizures
Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis)
66
Parasites hints - Hematuria
Schistosoma haematobium
67
Parasites hints - Liver hydatid cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
68
Parasites hints - anemia
1. Ancylostoma 2. necator 3. Diphyllobothrium latum
69
Myalgias and periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
70
Portal hypertension
1. Schistosoma mansoni | 2. Schistosoma japonicum
71
Parasites hints - Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma | necator
72
Antihelmintihic therapy - drugs
1. Menbendazole 2. Pyrantel paomate 3. Ivermectin 4. Diethylacarbamazine 5. Praziquantel
73
Nematode routes of infection (and bugs) (generally)
1. ingested --> enterobius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella 2. cutaneous --> strongyloide, ancylostoma, necator 3. Bites --> Loa Loa, onchocerca vovlulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
74
Trematodes (flukes) transmission
1. schistosoma --> snails are host, cercariae penetrate human skin 2. Clonorchis sinensis --> undercooked fish
75
Schistosoma mansoni vs Schistosoma haematobium according to eggs
Schistosoma mansoni --> eggs with lateral spine | Schistosoma haematobium --> eggs with terminal spine
76
``` pinworm? giant roundworm? hookworms? threadworm real names? ```
-Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) -Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) -Ancylostomas duodenale AND Necator americans (hookworms) Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
77
elephantiasis is caused by
wucheria bancrofti
78
Ectoparasites - bugs
1. Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) | 2. Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis)
79
Lice - bugs
1. Pediculus humanus | 2. Phthirus pubis
80
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - mechanism of action
blood-sucking insects that prefer to live on clothing
81
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - clinical presentation
intense pruritus, pink macules and papules commonly in intertiginous regions (two skin areas may touch or rub together)
82
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) can transmit
1. Ricketsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus) 2. Borreia recurrentis (relpapsing fever) 3. Bartonella quintana (trench fever)
83
children with lice
can be treated at home without interrupting school
84
Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - treatment
Pyrethroids, malathion or ivermectin lotion, and nit combing
85
Scabies bug
sarcoptes scabiei
86
Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - mechanism of action / causes
Mites that burrow into the stratum corneum and cause pruritus and cause pruritus --> causes serpiginous burrows (lines) in wedscape of hands and feet
87
Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - epidimiology / transmission
common in children, crowded populations (jails, nuesing homes) trasmission through fomites
88
Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - treatment
pemethrin cream, washing/drying all cothing, bedding, treat close contacts
89
Anti-mite/louse therapy - drugs and mechanism of action
1. Pemethrin --> blocks Na+ ch --> neurotoxicity 2. Malathion --> acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 3. Lindane --> blocks GABA ch --> neurotoxicity
90
Strongyloides stercolaris is aka
threadworm

Microbiology (25 decks)

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