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Helminths Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parasites are divided to

A
  1. Protozoa

2. Helminthes

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2
Q

Helminthes are divided to

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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3
Q

Antihelmintihic therapy - drugs

A
  1. Menbendazole
  2. Pyrantel paomate
  3. Ivermectin
  4. Diethylacarbamazine
  5. Praziquantel
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4
Q

Nematodes are also called and are divided to

A

roundworms

  • intestinal
  • tissue
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5
Q

Nematodes (roundworms) bugs and divisions

A

intestinal:

  • Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm)
  • Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
  • strongyloides stercoralis
  • Ancylostomas duodenale (hookworm)
  • Necator americans (hookworm)
  • Trichinella spiralis
    tissue:
  • ochocerca vovlulus
  • loa loa
  • wucheria bancrofti
  • Toxocara canis
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6
Q

Enterobius vermcularis is AKA

A

pinworm

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7
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - transmission

A

fecal oral

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8
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - disease

A

intestinal infection causing anal pruritus

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9
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - treatment

A

bendazoles

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10
Q

Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm) - diagnosis

A

seeing egg via the tape test

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11
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is AKA

A

giant roundworm

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12
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - transmission

A

fecal oral

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13
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - disease

A

intestinal infection with possible obstruction at ileocecal valve

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14
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - treatment

A

bendazoles

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15
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm) - microscopy

A

egg visible in feces under microscope

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16
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis - transmission

A

Larvae in soil penetrate the skin

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17
Q

Larvae?

A

distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.

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18
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis - disease

A

intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may feel like peptic ulcer)

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19
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis treatment

A

bendazoles or ivemectin

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20
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - transmission

A

larvae penetrate skin

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21
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - disease

A

intestinal infection causing microcytic anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls
Cutaneous lavra migrans

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22
Q

Cutaneous lavra migrans?

A

caused by Hookworms: pruritic, serpiginous rash from walking barefoot on contaminated beach

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23
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - treatment

A

bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

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24
Q

tissue nematodes (roundworms) - bugs

A
  1. onchocerca vovlulus
  2. loa loa
  3. wurcheria bancrofti
  4. toxocara canis
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25
Q

onchocerca vovlulus - transmission and treatment

A

female blackfly bite

ivermectin

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26
Q

onchocerca vovlulus disease

A
  1. hyperpigmented skin
  2. river blindness skin nobules
  3. allergic reaction to microfilaria possible
  4. loss of elastic fibers
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27
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - transmission

A

female mosquito

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28
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - disease and symptoms (and mechanism)

A

ELEPHANTIASIS: worms block lymphatic vessels –> edema (takes 9 months - 1 yr after bite to become symptomatic)

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29
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - treatment

A

diethylcarbamazine

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30
Q

loa loa - disease?

A

swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva

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31
Q

loa loa - transmission

A
  1. deer fly
  2. horse fly
  3. mango fly
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32
Q

loa loa - treatment

A

diethylcarbamazine

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33
Q

Toxocara canis - transmission nematodes migrate to bood through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage

A

fecal oral

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34
Q

Toxocara canis - disease and mechanism

A

visceral lavra migrans: nematodes migrate to bood through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage –> organs frequently affected include the heart (myocarditis) liver and CNS (seizure and coma)

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35
Q

trichinella spiralis - transmission

A 
fecal oral
undercooked meat (eps pork)
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36
Q

Toxocara canis - treatment

A

Bendazoles

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37
Q

trichinella spiralis - disease (mechanism and symptoms)

A

intestinal infection: lavrae enter bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle -> inflammation of muscle
Trichinosis –> fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgias

38
Q

Nematode routes of infection (and bugs) (generally)

A
  1. ingested –> enterobius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella
  2. cutaneous –> strongyloide, ancylostoma, necator
  3. Bites –> Loa Loa, onchocerca vovlulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
39
Q

cestodes are also called

A

tapeworms

40
Q

Cestodes (tapeworms) - bugs

A
  1. Taenia solium
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum
  3. Echinococcus granulosus
41
Q

Taenia solium - transmission

A
  1. ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork

2. ingestion of eggs contaminated with human feces

42
Q

Taenia solium - disease

A

if ingestion of eggs –> Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis

if ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork –> intestinal infection

43
Q

Taenia solium - treatment

A

praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis)

albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)

44
Q

cysticercosis - mechanism and presentation

A

cysticerci in skeletal muscle, brain (neurocysticercosis), eye (blindness)

45
Q

neurocysticercosis - presentation and treatment

A
  1. seizures 2. focal neurological deficit
    hydrocephalus
    treatment: albendazole
46
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - transmission

A

ingestion of lavrae from raw freshwater fish

47
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - mechanism and manifestation

A

competes for VB12 in intestine –> B12 deficiency –> Megaloblastic anemia

48
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - treatment

A

praziquantel

49
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - treatment

A

Albendazole

hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal

50
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - transmission / host

A

ingestion of eggs from dog feces

Sheep are an intermediate host

51
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - disease and mechanism

A

Hydatid cysts in liver causing anaphylaxis if antigens released

52
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - treatment

A

Albendazole

hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal

53
Q

Cestodes are divided to … (and treatment)

A
  1. Taenia solium –> praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis), albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum –> prazuquantel
  3. Echinococcus granulosus –> Albendazole,
    hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
54
Q

Trematodes (flukes) - bugs / AKA

A

Flukes:

  1. Schistosoma
  2. Clonorchis sinensis
55
Q

Schistosoma - transmission

A

snail are host

cercarieae penetrate skin of humans

56
Q

Schistosoma - bugs and treatment

A
  1. S. mansoni
  2. S. japonicum
  3. S. haematobium
    praziquantel
57
Q

Schistosoma - disease

A

Liver and spleen enlargement (S. mansoni S. japonicum), fibrosis and inflammation, portal hypertension
chronic infection with S. haematobium –> SCC of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension

58
Q

Clonorchis sinensis - transmission

A

undercooked fish

59
Q

Clonorchis sinensis - disease

A

Biliary tract inflammation –> pigmented gallstones

associated with cholangiocarcinoma

60
Q

Clonorchis sinensis - treatment

A

praziquantel

61
Q

Trematodes (flukes) - bugs and treatment

A
  1. Schistosoma
  2. Clonorchis sinensis
    PRAZIQUANTEL
62
Q

Nematodes - divisions bugs and treatment

A

intestinal
1. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) –> bendazoles
2. Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) –> bendazoles
3. Strongyloides stercoralis –> ivermectin or bendazoles
4. Ancylostoma duodenale –> bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
5. Necator americanus –> bendazole or pyrantel pamoate
6. Trichinella spiralis –> Bendazole
tissue
1. Onchocerca volvulus –> ivermectin
2. Loa loa –> diethylcarbamazine
3. Wucheria bancrofti –> Diethylcarbamazine
4. Toxocara canis –> Bendazoles

63
Q

Helminthes are divided to … (and treatment)

A
  1. Taenia solium –> praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis), albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum –> prazuquantel
  3. Echinococcus granulosus –> Albendazole,
    hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
64
Q

Parasites hints - Biliary tract disease

A

chlonarchis siensis

65
Q

Parasites hints - Brain cysts and seizures

A

Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis)

66
Q

Parasites hints - Hematuria

A

Schistosoma haematobium

67
Q

Parasites hints - Liver hydatid cysts

A

Echinococcus granulosus

68
Q

Parasites hints - anemia

A
  1. Ancylostoma
  2. necator
  3. Diphyllobothrium latum
69
Q

Myalgias and periorbital edema

A

Trichinella spiralis

70
Q

Portal hypertension

A
  1. Schistosoma mansoni

2. Schistosoma japonicum

71
Q

Parasites hints - Microcytic anemia

A

Ancylostoma

necator

72
Q

Antihelmintihic therapy - drugs

A
  1. Menbendazole
  2. Pyrantel paomate
  3. Ivermectin
  4. Diethylacarbamazine
  5. Praziquantel
73
Q

Nematode routes of infection (and bugs) (generally)

A
  1. ingested –> enterobius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella
  2. cutaneous –> strongyloide, ancylostoma, necator
  3. Bites –> Loa Loa, onchocerca vovlulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
74
Q

Trematodes (flukes) transmission

A
  1. schistosoma –> snails are host, cercariae penetrate human skin
  2. Clonorchis sinensis –> undercooked fish
75
Q

Schistosoma mansoni vs Schistosoma haematobium according to eggs

A

Schistosoma mansoni –> eggs with lateral spine

Schistosoma haematobium –> eggs with terminal spine

76
Q 
pinworm?
giant roundworm?
hookworms?
threadworm
real names?
A

-Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm)
-Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
-Ancylostomas duodenale AND Necator americans (hookworms)
Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

77
Q

elephantiasis is caused by

A

wucheria bancrofti

78
Q

Ectoparasites - bugs

A
  1. Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei)

2. Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis)

79
Q

Lice - bugs

A
  1. Pediculus humanus

2. Phthirus pubis

80
Q

Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - mechanism of action

A

blood-sucking insects that prefer to live on clothing

81
Q

Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - clinical presentation

A

intense pruritus, pink macules and papules commonly in intertiginous regions (two skin areas may touch or rub together)

82
Q

Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) can transmit

A
  1. Ricketsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus)
  2. Borreia recurrentis (relpapsing fever)
  3. Bartonella quintana (trench fever)
83
Q

children with lice

A

can be treated at home without interrupting school

84
Q

Lice (Pediculus humanus/Phthirus pubis) - treatment

A

Pyrethroids, malathion or ivermectin lotion, and nit combing

85
Q

Scabies bug

A

sarcoptes scabiei

86
Q

Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - mechanism of action / causes

A

Mites that burrow into the stratum corneum and cause pruritus and cause pruritus –> causes serpiginous burrows (lines) in wedscape of hands and feet

87
Q

Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - epidimiology / transmission

A

common in children, crowded populations (jails, nuesing homes)
trasmission through fomites

88
Q

Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) - treatment

A

pemethrin cream, washing/drying all cothing, bedding, treat close contacts

89
Q

Anti-mite/louse therapy - drugs and mechanism of action

A
  1. Pemethrin –> blocks Na+ ch –> neurotoxicity
  2. Malathion –> acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
  3. Lindane –> blocks GABA ch –> neurotoxicity
90
Q

Strongyloides stercolaris is aka

A

threadworm

Microbiology (25 decks)

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