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general virology Flashcards

1
Q

Viral structure - types

A
  1. Naked virus with icosahedral capsid
  2. Enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid
  3. enveloped virus with helical capsid
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2
Q

viral genetics - recombination?

A

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

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3
Q

viral genetics - Reassortment?

A

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic materials

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4
Q

viral genetics - Reassortment - historical example

A

the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza A pandemic emerged via complex viral Resentment of genes from human, swine, and avian viruses

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5
Q

viral genetics - Complementation?

A

when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protein. The nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses

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6
Q

viral genetics - Complementation - example

A

Hepatitis D virus requires the presence of replicating hepatitis B virus to supply HBsAG, the envelop protein for HDV

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7
Q

viral genetics - phenotypic mixing?

A

occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. Genome of virus A can be partially coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. However, the progeny from this infection have a type A coat that is encoded by its A genetic material

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8
Q

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic materials –> ????

A

Reassortment

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9
Q

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology –> ??????

A

recombination

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10
Q

DNA virus - diagram

A

DNA virus –> 1. complex nucleocapsid 2. icosahedral nucleocapsid
1. DNA virus –> complex nucleocapsid –> envelop –> DS linear –> poxvirade –> a. smallpox b. molloscum contagiosum c. cowpox
2. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> a. enveloped
b. non envelop
A. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> enveloped:
- DS circular –> HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HBV)
- DS linear –> HERPESVIRIDAE (HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, HHV6-8, VZV)
B. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> nonenveloped:
- DS lineae –> Adenoviridae
- DS circular –> Papovaviridae (Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus)
- SS linear –> Parvoviridae (B19)

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11
Q

RNA virus are divided to

A
  1. helical nucleocapsid

2. icosahedral nucleocapsid

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12
Q

RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram

A 
helical nucleocapsid --> enveloped:
1. SS- segmented:
a. Bunyaviridae
b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
2. SS+ nonsegmented 
a. Coronoviridae --> Coronovirus 
SS- nonsegmented 
a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus) 
c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
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13
Q

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram

A
  1. Nonenveloped
    A. SS+ non-segmented
    - Picornaviridae –> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
    - Caliciviridae –> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E)
    B. DS segmented –> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)
  2. Enveloped
    A. SS+ diploid –> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
    B. SS+ non-segmented
    - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
    - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis)
    C. SS- circular –> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
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14
Q

DNA viral genome - double vs single strand DNA

A

ALL DNA viruses except the Parvoviridae (B19) are dsDNA

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15
Q

DNA viral genome - linear vs circular

A

Papilloma- , Polyoma- (circular, supercoiled)
HBV –> circular, incomplete
all other –> linear

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16
Q

single strand DNA virus

A

Parvoviridae (B19)

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17
Q

circular DNA virus

A

Papilloma- , Polyoma-, HBV

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18
Q

RNA viral genomes - double vs single strand RNA

A

ALL single except Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)

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19
Q

DS RNA virus

A

Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)

20
Q

Naked viral genome infectivity

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxvirus and HBV) and SS+ RNA viruses are infectious. Naked nucleic strand SS- RNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious (they require polymerases contained in the complete virus, not parvoviridae)

21
Q

which virus, their naked genome form is not infectious

A

Naked nucleic strand SS- RNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious, HBV poxvirus and ssDNA
(they require polymerases contained in the complete virus, not parvoviridae)

22
Q

which virus, their naked genome form is infectious

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxvirus and HBV) and SS+ RNA viruses are infectious.

23
Q

viral replication - area of replication

A

all DNA viruses except poxvirus in the nucleus

all RNA viruses except influenza virus and retrovirus in the cytoplasm

24
Q

DNA virus that is not replicate in the nucleus

25
RNA virus that is not replicate in the cytoplasm
influenza virus and retrovirus
26
Viral envelopes - enveloped viruses acquire their envelops from?
generally, enveloped viruses acquire their envelops from plasma membrane when they exit from cell. Exceptions include herpesvirus, which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane
27
viruses that acquire their envelops from nuclear membrane
herpesvirus
28
All DNA viruses are double stranded except
parvovirus (single stranded)
29
DNA viruses capsid shape
alla icosahedral except pox (complex)
30
DNA viruses replicate ... (where)
in the the nucleus | except pox
31
all DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except .... (why)
pox - carries its own DNA-depended RNA polymerase
32
Viral vaccines - categories
1. Live attenuated vaccines 2. Killed 3. Subunit
33
Viral vaccines - Killed (VIRUS)?
1. Rabies 2. Influenza (injected) 3. Salk Polio 4. HAV
34
Viral vaccines - subunit (VIRUS)?
HBV (antigen=HBsAg) | HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18)
35
Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines (VIRUS)?
1. smallpox 2. yellow fever 3. rotavirus 4. VZV 5. Sabin polio 6. Influenza (intransal) 7. Measles 8. Mumps 9. Rubella
36
Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines vs killed/inactivated - mechanism
Live attenuated vaccines --> induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity killed/inactivated --> induce only humoral immunity
37
Viral vaccines - killed/inactivated - advantages
stable - not revert to virulence
38
Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines - advantages
no booster needed | induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
39
Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines - disadvantages
- have reverted to virulunce on rare occasions | - dangerous to give live vaccines to immunocompromised patients
40
Viral vaccines - killed/inactivated - disadvantages
induce only humoral immunity | boosters may needed
41
which vaccines should not be given to patients with a history of anaphylactic reaction to eggs (why)
1. influenza 2. measles 3. mumps 4. yellow fever grown in chick ebryos
42
DNA virus - diagram
DNA virus --> 1. complex nucleocapsid 2. icosahedral nucleocapsid 1. DNA virus --> complex nucleocapsid --> envelop --> DS linear --> poxvirade --> a. smallpox b. molloscum contagiosum c. cowpox 2. DNA virus --> icosahedral nucleocapsid --> a. enveloped b. non envelop A. DNA virus --> icosahedral nucleocapsid --> enveloped: - DS circular --> HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HBV) - DS linear --> HERPESVIRIDAE (HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, HHV6-8, VZV) B. DNA virus --> icosahedral nucleocapsid --> nonenveloped: - DS lineae --> Adenoviridae - DS circular --> Papovaviridae (Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus) - SS linear --> Parvoviridae (B19)
43
RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram
``` helical nucleocapsid --> enveloped: 1. SS- segmented: a. Bunyaviridae b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus) c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C) 2. SS+ nonsegmented a. Coronoviridae --> Coronovirus SS- nonsegmented a. Filoviridae (filovirus) b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus) c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps) ```
44
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram
1. Nonenveloped A. SS+ non-segmented - Picornaviridae --> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus) - Caliciviridae --> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E) B. DS segmented --> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus) 2. Enveloped A. SS+ diploid --> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2) B. SS+ non-segmented - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus) - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis) C. SS- circular --> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
45
close contacts to immunocomproimsed patients - livce vaccines
its ok except live polio or influenza
46
Live attenuated vaccines - HIV
MMR, + VZV can be given to HV +

Microbiology (25 decks)

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