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general virology Flashcards

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1
Q

Viral structure - types

A
  1. Naked virus with icosahedral capsid
  2. Enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid
  3. enveloped virus with helical capsid
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2
Q

viral genetics - recombination?

A

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

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3
Q

viral genetics - Reassortment?

A

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic materials

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4
Q

viral genetics - Reassortment - historical example

A

the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza A pandemic emerged via complex viral Resentment of genes from human, swine, and avian viruses

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5
Q

viral genetics - Complementation?

A

when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protein. The nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses

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6
Q

viral genetics - Complementation - example

A

Hepatitis D virus requires the presence of replicating hepatitis B virus to supply HBsAG, the envelop protein for HDV

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7
Q

viral genetics - phenotypic mixing?

A

occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. Genome of virus A can be partially coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. However, the progeny from this infection have a type A coat that is encoded by its A genetic material

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8
Q

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic materials –> ????

A

Reassortment

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9
Q

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology –> ??????

A

recombination

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10
Q

DNA virus - diagram

A

DNA virus –> 1. complex nucleocapsid 2. icosahedral nucleocapsid
1. DNA virus –> complex nucleocapsid –> envelop –> DS linear –> poxvirade –> a. smallpox b. molloscum contagiosum c. cowpox
2. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> a. enveloped
b. non envelop
A. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> enveloped:
- DS circular –> HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HBV)
- DS linear –> HERPESVIRIDAE (HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, HHV6-8, VZV)
B. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> nonenveloped:
- DS lineae –> Adenoviridae
- DS circular –> Papovaviridae (Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus)
- SS linear –> Parvoviridae (B19)

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11
Q

RNA virus are divided to

A
  1. helical nucleocapsid

2. icosahedral nucleocapsid

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12
Q

RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram

A 
helical nucleocapsid --> enveloped:
1. SS- segmented:
a. Bunyaviridae
b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
2. SS+ nonsegmented 
a. Coronoviridae --> Coronovirus 
SS- nonsegmented 
a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus) 
c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
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13
Q

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram

A
  1. Nonenveloped
    A. SS+ non-segmented
    - Picornaviridae –> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
    - Caliciviridae –> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E)
    B. DS segmented –> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)
  2. Enveloped
    A. SS+ diploid –> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
    B. SS+ non-segmented
    - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
    - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis)
    C. SS- circular –> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
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14
Q

DNA viral genome - double vs single strand DNA

A

ALL DNA viruses except the Parvoviridae (B19) are dsDNA

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15
Q

DNA viral genome - linear vs circular

A

Papilloma- , Polyoma- (circular, supercoiled)
HBV –> circular, incomplete
all other –> linear

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16
Q

single strand DNA virus

A

Parvoviridae (B19)

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17
Q

circular DNA virus

A

Papilloma- , Polyoma-, HBV

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18
Q

RNA viral genomes - double vs single strand RNA

A

ALL single except Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)

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19
Q

DS RNA virus

A

Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)

20
Q

Naked viral genome infectivity

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxvirus and HBV) and SS+ RNA viruses are infectious. Naked nucleic strand SS- RNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious (they require polymerases contained in the complete virus, not parvoviridae)

21
Q

which virus, their naked genome form is not infectious

A

Naked nucleic strand SS- RNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious, HBV poxvirus and ssDNA
(they require polymerases contained in the complete virus, not parvoviridae)

22
Q

which virus, their naked genome form is infectious

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxvirus and HBV) and SS+ RNA viruses are infectious.

23
Q

viral replication - area of replication

A

all DNA viruses except poxvirus in the nucleus

all RNA viruses except influenza virus and retrovirus in the cytoplasm

24
Q

DNA virus that is not replicate in the nucleus

A

poxvirus

25
Q

RNA virus that is not replicate in the cytoplasm

A

influenza virus and retrovirus

26
Q

Viral envelopes - enveloped viruses acquire their envelops from?

A

generally, enveloped viruses acquire their envelops from plasma membrane when they exit from cell.
Exceptions include herpesvirus, which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane

27
Q

viruses that acquire their envelops from nuclear membrane

A

herpesvirus

28
Q

All DNA viruses are double stranded except

A

parvovirus (single stranded)

29
Q

DNA viruses capsid shape

A

alla icosahedral except pox (complex)

30
Q

DNA viruses replicate … (where)

A

in the the nucleus

except pox

31
Q

all DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except …. (why)

A

pox - carries its own DNA-depended RNA polymerase

32
Q

Viral vaccines - categories

A
  1. Live attenuated vaccines
  2. Killed
  3. Subunit
33
Q

Viral vaccines - Killed (VIRUS)?

A
  1. Rabies
  2. Influenza (injected)
  3. Salk Polio
  4. HAV
34
Q

Viral vaccines - subunit (VIRUS)?

A

HBV (antigen=HBsAg)

HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18)

35
Q

Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines (VIRUS)?

A
  1. smallpox
  2. yellow fever
  3. rotavirus
  4. VZV
  5. Sabin polio
  6. Influenza (intransal)
  7. Measles
  8. Mumps
  9. Rubella
36
Q

Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines vs killed/inactivated - mechanism

A

Live attenuated vaccines –> induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity
killed/inactivated –> induce only humoral immunity

37
Q

Viral vaccines - killed/inactivated - advantages

A

stable - not revert to virulence

38
Q

Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines - advantages

A

no booster needed

induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

39
Q

Viral vaccines - Live attenuated vaccines - disadvantages

A
  • have reverted to virulunce on rare occasions

- dangerous to give live vaccines to immunocompromised patients

40
Q

Viral vaccines - killed/inactivated - disadvantages

A

induce only humoral immunity

boosters may needed

41
Q

which vaccines should not be given to patients with a history of anaphylactic reaction to eggs (why)

A
  1. influenza
  2. measles
  3. mumps
  4. yellow fever
    grown in chick ebryos
42
Q

DNA virus - diagram

A

DNA virus –> 1. complex nucleocapsid 2. icosahedral nucleocapsid
1. DNA virus –> complex nucleocapsid –> envelop –> DS linear –> poxvirade –> a. smallpox b. molloscum contagiosum c. cowpox
2. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> a. enveloped
b. non envelop
A. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> enveloped:
- DS circular –> HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HBV)
- DS linear –> HERPESVIRIDAE (HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, HHV6-8, VZV)
B. DNA virus –> icosahedral nucleocapsid –> nonenveloped:
- DS lineae –> Adenoviridae
- DS circular –> Papovaviridae (Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus)
- SS linear –> Parvoviridae (B19)

43
Q

RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram

A 
helical nucleocapsid --> enveloped:
1. SS- segmented:
a. Bunyaviridae 
b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
2. SS+ nonsegmented 
a. Coronoviridae --> Coronovirus 
SS- nonsegmented 
a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus) 
c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
44
Q

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram

A
  1. Nonenveloped
    A. SS+ non-segmented
    - Picornaviridae –> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
    - Caliciviridae –> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E)
    B. DS segmented –> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)
  2. Enveloped
    A. SS+ diploid –> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
    B. SS+ non-segmented
    - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
    - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis)
    C. SS- circular –> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
45
Q

close contacts to immunocomproimsed patients - livce vaccines

A

its ok except live polio or influenza

46
Q

Live attenuated vaccines - HIV

A

MMR, + VZV can be given to HV +

Microbiology (25 decks)

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