Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

articles > SPINE - malformation > Flashcards

SPINE - malformation Flashcards

1
Q

Which feline breed is overrepresented in thoracic vertebral canal stenosis?
+ mutation

A

British Shorthair -> narrower vertebral canal in this breed
mut LTBP3

Male neutered, median age 9 years
Chronic, progressive, painful, T3–L3 myelopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which IVDS is(are) most commonly affected in juvenile CSM?

A

C5-C6 & C6-C7

Mostly by osseous-associated spinal cord compression and multiple compressive sites. Almost half of the dogs had intervertebral disk degeneration. Intervertebral disk protrusion was seen in both giant and large breed dogs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

German shepherd dog has most commonly a disc-associated CSM: true or false?

A

False

The 10 GSDs of the present retrospective case series had CSM that was often characterized by osseous changes and a ligamentous component and were older than dogs of other breeds (eg, Great Dane and Mastiff) with osseous-associated CSM described in previous reports.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There is a male predisposition for spinal arachnoid diverticula: true or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which criteria can be used to pick breeding French Bulldog in order to reduce number of hemivertebrae?

A

Shorter tail associated with increase of number and grade of hemivertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the associations between syringomyelia, caudal sac termination, pain, and spinal cord termination in CKCS?

A

TL SM -> more caudal dural sac termination

Lumbar SM -> more caudal SC termination

Painful without SM -> decreased distance between dural sac and SC termination = shorter filum terminale internum length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

More observed hemivertebrae and ventrolateral hypoplasia hemivertebra subtype were associated with higher likelihood of neurological disease: true or false?

A

False

Fewer hemivertebrae
Ventrolateral hypoplasia
Pugs
Severe kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with the following definition?
Failure of the vertebral arch(es) to close over the spinal cord

A

Spina bifida

May be associated with MC or MMC
The terms occulta (no neural tissue involved), cystica/ manifesta/aperta (associated MC or MMC through vertebral defect) are used depending on the amount of neural and associated tissue involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with the following definition?Protrusion of meninges through open vertebral arch or cranial bones

A

Meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

def spinal cord dysraphism

A

Failure of the neural folds to appose and close, resulting in failed neural tube closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

def Myeloschisis

A

Failure of neural tube closure resulting in persistent attachment of the cutaneous ectoderm to the neural plate and inability of the vertebral arches to close around the open neural plate

Always results in spina bifida

dif with meningomyelocoele: cystic component in MMC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

def meningomyelocele

A

Protrusion of meninges and nervous tissue through open vertebral arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with the following definition?
Failed separation of the neural tube from the skin ectoderm causing tubular sacs lined with hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands that typically extends from the dorsal midline to underlying tissues

predisposed breed and mut

A

Dermal sinus tract

Duplication of FGF3, FGF4, FGF19, and ORAOV1 gene mutations responsible for the dorsal hair ridge in Rhodesian and Thai Ridgeback dogs predisposes these breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which neural tube defect is associated with the following definition?
Any malformation of the spinal cord owing to abnormal interaction of the notochord, paraxial mesoderm, and neural plate during neurulation

breed and mutation

A

Myelodysplasia

Note: “Weimaraner spinal dysraphism” owing to a frameshift mutation in the NKX2-8 gene is considered a misnomer and is more accurately described as myelodysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which ligament provides the greatest stabilizing force of the canine atlanto-axial joint?

A

Alar
other ligt: apical, transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which vertebral abnormality is associated with lumbosacral stenosis in cats?
Is this factor associated with development of clinical signs?

A

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (54%)
No

Clinical signs associated with lumbosacral stenosis included lumbosacral pain, low tail carriage, difficulty jumping, and urinary or faecal incontinence.
Neurological signs included proprioceptive deficits, ambulatory paraparesis, pelvic limb ataxia, reduced spinal reflexes and reduced perianal reflex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vertebral malformations: choose the INCORRECT

  1. Among neurologically normal French Bulldogs, approximately 80% have radiographic evidence of hemivertebra with or without kyphosis
  2. Pugs have much less prevalence of hemivertebra than French Bulldogs (around 17%) but do have other more frequent malformations like only 12 thoracic vertebra or transitional vertebra.
  3. Pugs, even though they have less prevalence for hemivertebra than French Bulldogs, appear much more prone to be presented with clinically relevant hemivertebra than Bulldogs.
  4. None of the above
A

4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In cranial thoracic myelopathies (T1-T6) in cats, the cutaneous trunci reflex is usually…

A

Normal (86%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transitional vertebrae represented the most common abnormalities in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral segments: true or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cite 3 hallmarks for radiologic diagnosis of atlanto-axial instability.

A

Dorsal displacement of the axis into the vertebral canal
Increased distance between the arch of the atlas and the spinous process of the axis
Hypoplasia, aplasia or dorsal angulation of the dens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At what age the ossification of proatlas occurs? Fusion ossification center C1?

A

42 days
3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

AA instability: choose the incorrect

1.Dorsal and ventral surgical procedures have comparable success rates that are around 85%
2.Dorsal procedures have a higher incidence of postoperative neurological deficits
3.Acute onset of signs and younger age at onset are positive predictive factors for neurological success.
4.Postoperative atlantoaxial reduction and radiographic appearance of the dens was a positive predictive factor for neurological success

A

4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most common sites of SAD?

A

C2-C3, C5, C6 (large breeds, in particular Rottweiler)
T9-T13 (small breeds, in particular Pug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cite neural tube defects

A

anencephaly, encephalocele, craniorachischisis, iniencephaly, and spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Caudal Thethered spinal aracnhoid diverticula is associated with
1. better short term outcome
2. caudal syringomyelia
3. longer SM

A
  1. true
  2. false cranial
  3. true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

atypical head tilt neurolocalisation and mechanism

A

paradoxical:
cerebellum (floculonod lobe, caudal cereb peduncle): loss of cerebellar inhib to ipsilat vestib nuclei
forebrain (ventrolat and paramedian thalamus): damage to adjacent midbrain

non paradoxical:
spinal nerve, dorsal root or dorsal GM (spinocerebellar and vestibulospinal) of C1-C3: loss of general propriocept afferent from neuromusc spindles
lesion caudal to C3 superficial dorsal horn controlat: pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mutation associated with pituitary dwarfism and associated vert malformation

A

LHX3
Sheperd dog (German Sheperd, Saarlos)
atlanto-axial malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

most common T1-T6 myelopathies in dog

A

neoplasia > anomalies > degen
neoplasia assoc with spinal hyperesthesia

29
Q

name of the band that atatched ventral surf of dura matter of the SC to dorsal surf of vert bodies

A

meningovertebral ligt (caused bilobed shape)

30
Q

cobb angle asociated with neurological signs

A

34.5°

31
Q

features of constrictive myelopathy in pug

A

subarachnoid space has a focal, irregular and stellate shape
abnormal T2 hypoint bands within subarachn space (T1 hypo)
circumpherencial/focalcontrast enhanct of meninges
V shapeextradural ventral lesion
focal intramed T2 hyper

32
Q

mutation associated with primary congenital hypotyroidism in cat

A

TPO (tyroid peroxydase)
disproportionate dwarfism
epiphyseal dysplasia, delayed physeal closure

33
Q

best cutoff value for diagnosis of atlanto-axial intability in CT/MRI
+flexion angle for XRay

A

ventral compression index = ratio between ventral and dorsal atlantodental interval
cutoff 0.16 in extended 0.2 in flexed
51° flexion to cerv radiograph (atlas/axis angle>10°)

34
Q

atlanto-oxipital band: ligt, more prononced in extension/flex
associated with … in CKCS

A

dorsal interacuate
more prononced in extension (cerebellar herniation more prononced in flexed)
associated with presence (not severity) of clinical signs and presence and severity of SM

35
Q

dermoid sinus classification + predisposition

A

I. connect to supraspinous ligt
II. fibrous band connecting to supraspinous ligt
III. terminate superficially to supraspinous ligt without attaching to it
IV: attached to dura
V: true closed epidermal cyst
VI: tubular sac that extend from epidermitis and attached dura

predisposition of Rhodesian Ridgeback assoc with dupplication of fibroblast growth fact gene (FGF3, FGF4)

36
Q

Cat and dog breed predisposed to spina bifida

A

Cat: Manx
Dog: English Bulldog, german sheperd

37
Q

% stability confered by articular process

A

30%
The articular processes in the cranial thoracic spine (T1-T9) also function in weight-bearing.

38
Q

orientation of articular process

A

cranial C3-C7: craniodorsal
caudal C3-C7: caudoventral

cranial T1-T9: dorsal
caudal T1-T9: ventral

cranial T10: dorsal
caudal: lateral

cranial T11-T13: medial
caudal T10-T13: lateral

cranial lumbar: dorsal-medial
caudal lumbar: dorso-lateral

In locations of the vertebral column where stability is imperative, mobility of the adjacent vertebral bodies is limited by opposing incline of articulating caudal and cranial processes.

39
Q

verebra with largest (height) diameter of the cord

A

within atlas
breed differences in the overall size of the canine skeleton/vert canal, but circumference of the cord does not vary

40
Q

in which vertebra are accessory process present?

A

from the midthoracic spine and may continue as far caudal as L5 or L6
restrict lateral bending

Accessory processes arise from the caudal lateral border of the pedicle and are oriented in a caudal and dorsal direction. cranial base of the cranial articular process of the adjoining vertebra will fit into the lateral ventral notch created by the space between the pedicle and the accessory process

41
Q

breed + localisation + tratement of enlargement of the articular processes

A

Scottish deerhound
C2-C3
injection of triamcinolone acetonide (steroid) and lidocaine hydrochloride into the affected articular process joint under fluoroscopic guidance

42
Q

articular dysplasia potential causes (3)

A
  1. mutation of the Hox gene
  2. dysgenesis of neural arch centers
  3. failure of accessory ossification center to develop or unite with the lamina
43
Q

2 types of extradural synovial cyst + potential origin

A
  1. Synovial: synovial lining containing fluid
  2. Ganglion: contain myxoid material with no specific lining

Possible origins:
osteoarthritic changes and increased motion at the joint causes protrusion of the synovial membrane through defects of the joint capsule

proliferation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells, myxoid degeneration with cyst formation in collagen tissue, and increased production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts

Spinal instability or excessive mobility has been suggested as a cause, which is supported in that the 2 most common locations for synovial cyst formation are the lumbosacral region and the caudal cervical region

Large breed, middle-aged, or older dogs (median age 8 years).

44
Q

% of synovial cyst in dogs affectected with cervical spondylomyelopathy

A

20%

MRI is reported to have a sensitivity of 90% for the diagnosis of extradural synovial cysts, compared with 70% with CT

45
Q

def Tarlov cyst

A

extradural cysts involving the spinal nerves
out-pouching of the perineurium surrounding the spinal nerve
in human type 2 meningeal cyst

46
Q

rate of concurrent disease in subarachnoid diverticula + breeds with higher rate

A

21%

Pug dogs (33.3%) and French bulldogs (61.5%) had high rates of concurrent disease

intervertebral disc extrusion or protrusion, concurrent vertebral
malformation, or previous surgery for intervertebral disc extrusion

47
Q

maj localisation of subarachnoid divert

A

55% cervical
45% thoracolumbar

maj C2 and C3, C5, and C6, and T9 to T13

Rottweilers cervical
young, heavier dogs with large heads may be predisposed to cervical SAD

48
Q

male or female are overrepresent in SAD

A

male

Progesterone receptors have been identified in the lining of intracranial arachnoid cysts in humans. CSF volume has been shown to be influenced by hormonal fluctuations

49
Q

% of dorsal and ventral SAD

A

80% - 90% dorsal
6 - 8% ventral

50
Q

% spinal hyperestesia/incontinence in SAD

A

20%
8%

51
Q

breeds predisposed to SAD

A

Rottweilers, pugs, and French bulldogs

Pugs were significantly older
Dogue de Bordeaux had a lower age at onset

52
Q

def dermoid and epidermoid cyst

A

congenital inclusion cysts that arise from cutaneous ectodermal tissue trapped in the brain or spinal cord lined by keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium supported by a connective tissue stroma.

Epidermoid cysts are similar to follicular dermal cysts and contain desquamated epithelial cells, keratin, and cholesterol. Dermal cysts also contain adnexal structures, such as sebaceous and apocrine glands, hair follicles, and fat.

53
Q

breed predisposed to AAI

A

Yorkshire Terriers, Pomeranians, Miniature and Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, and
Pekingese

54
Q

Congenital
abnormalities contributing to atlantoaxial joint instability

A
  • dens aplasia, hypoplasia, dorsal angulation or degeneration
  • failure or absence of ligamentous support
  • incomplete ossification of the atlas or block vertebrae.
55
Q

mouvement atlanto-occip and antlanto-ax articul

A

atlanto-occipital: articulation of the cranial articular fovea of the atlas and the occipital condyles.
vertical head movements

atlanto-axial: caudal articular fovea are located on the dorsal aspect of the body of the atlas and articulate with the modified articular processes of the axis.
rotary head movement.

56
Q

Name of separate area of ossification at the apical aspect of the dens + date of ossification

A

protalas

3-4m

57
Q

ligts of atlantoaxial artic

A

transverse
apical ( to the basioccipital bone)
2 alar ligaments (occipital condyles)

+ joint capsule of the atlantoaxial joint and the dorsal atlantoaxial membrane, which extends between the arches of the atlas and axis

greatest stabilizing force of the atlantoaxial ligaments were the alar ligaments

58
Q

signs associated with AAI

A
  • Neck pain, some with a mild ataxia in 25%
  • Ambulatory with a moderate to severe ataxia or paresis in 35%
  • Nonambulatory paraparetic in 35% of cases
  • Tetraplegic in 7%
59
Q

Radiographic findings consistent with atlantoaxial subluxation

A
  • dorsal displacement of the axis into the vertebral canal
  • increased distance between the arch of the atlas and the spinous process of the axis
  • hypoplasia, aplasia, or dorsal angulation of the dens

ventrodorsal or oblique rx can aid in evaluation of the dens

decrease in angle between the axis and the atlas: 162°

60
Q

criteria for medical managment of AAI

A

minimal neurologic deficits
high-risk anesthetic candidates
minimal anatomic displacement
when finances prevent surgical intervention
patients with an acute history of neurologic signs
immature bones

62.5% (10 of 16) had a positive clinical outcome

61
Q

dorsal/ventral surgical technic for AAI

A

dorsal: orthopedic wire, Kishigami Atlantoaxial Tension Band, use of the nuchal ligament, use of loops of suture from the axis to the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle of the occipital bone, and dorsal pinning

ventral: plates, positively threaded profile pins, screws, and Kirschner wires; many of the procedures are performed with and without polymethylmethacrylate

62
Q

oxipitoataltoaxial malformation include …
agre + breed
prognosis

A

cervical vertebrae fusion, occipitoatlantal fusion, odontoid process and atlas hypoplasia, malformation of the axis, and atlantoaxial joint subluxation

< 2y, Saint Bernard, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, French Bulldog …

prognosis of OAAMs is considered guarded to poor

63
Q

vertebral malformation more likely to be associated with neurologic deficits

A

ventral and ventrolateral vertebral body aplasia

64
Q

cobb angle

A

intersection of two lines: one at the cranial aspect of the kyphotic vertebral segment and the other at the caudal aspect of the segment

neurologic dysfunction > 34.5 °

65
Q

decrease expression of …. can cause neuropathic pain in syringomyelia

A

substance P
calcitonin
interleukine 6

66
Q

main excitatory neurotransmitter for nociceptive pathway

A

glutamate (decrease by gabapentine, inhib alpha2delta subunit of Ca channel which is upregul in neurop pain)

67
Q

Effect on location of endotracheal tube tie on atlanto-axial band in small breed dogs

A

Higher compression ratio with placement over craniocervical region

68
Q

Female/male predisposition for spinal arachnoid diverticula?

Are all diverticula FLAIR hypointense?

A

male

yes

69
Q

Which vertebral abnomality is associated with lombosacral stenosis in cat (54% of cases)?Is this factor associated with developpement of clinical signs ?

A

1/ Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae

2/ no

articles (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions