BRAIN - Infectious

Question 1

DDx parasitic meningoencephalitis (7)​

Answer 1

Dirofilaria​
Baylisascaris​
Cuterebra​
Taenia​
Ancylostoma​
Toxacaris​
Angiostronglylus​

Question 2

In dogs, which areas are affected by TBE?​

Answer 2

Hippocampus​
Basal nuclei​
Thalamus​
Brainstem​
Ventral gray horn of spinal cord​

HyperT2w, HyperT2-Flair, hypoT1w​

Absence of CE, restricted diffusion, mass effect, peripheral edema​

Question 3

What is the predilection for Neosporosis lesions in puppies? Young adult?

Answer 3

In puppies, there is a predilection for lesions to predominate in the lumbosacral nerve roots. This causes denervation of the pelvic limb muscles which atrophy and in the growing dog this results in immobile limbs (contractures).
In young adults there is a predilection for this disease to develop in the cerebellum.

Overall, this is a fatal disease that causes encephalitis, myelitis, radiculoneuritis and myositis.

Question 4

What are the modes of transmission of Neospora?

Answer 4

Transmission is vertical in utero (transplacental) and horizontal from dog (coyote, fox) to other dogs, ruminants and the horse.

Question 5

What are the 3 distinct clinical syndromes identified in cats with FIP?

Answer 5

T3-L3 myelopathy (13%)
Central vestibular syndrome (29%)
Multifocal CNS disease (58%)

Question 6

True or false: bacterial meningitis without empyema is associated with a poor prognosis in dogs?

Answer 6

False

Clinical signs were variable in dogs with BM/BMEM, the nidus of bacterial infection was often OMI, and the majority of dogs made a full recovery with treatment (20/24, 83%).

Question 7

What is the causative agent of staggering disease in cats?
What is the possible reservoir host?

Answer 7

Rustrela virus (RusV)
Wood mice

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of staggering disease in cats?

Answer 8

Hind leg ataxia with generally increased muscle tone

Inability to retract the claws

Hyperaesthesia

Tremors (occasional)
Seizures (occasional)

Behavioural alterations (enhanced vocalization, depression, becoming more affectionate, and rarely aggression)

Question 9

3 typical forms during time of Rabies in small animals

Answer 9

Prodromal: 2-3 days in dogs & 1-2 days in cats
Furious (not always present): 0-7 days
Paralytic: 1-10 days

Question 10

FIP diagnosis: choose the FALSE

1. There is substantial overlap between the serologic titers in FIP suspected and healthy cats which renders this test of limited use.
2. Approximately 10% of cats with FIP are seronegative presumably due to presence of virus that binds the antibodies
3. Some neurological cases of FIP have unremarkable CSF results
4. RT-PCR in CSF in cats with neurologic signs yields a specificity of 100% but a sensitivity of only 40%

Answer 10

4

Question 11

Which features are more commonly associated with infectious rather than non-infectious CNS inflammatory disease?

Answer 11

Older age
Higher body weight
Male
Longer duration
Preceding events (surgery, infectious focus, GI signs, vaccination, estrus)
Hyperesthesia

Question 12

most fqt sign with neospora caninum

Answer 12

cerebello-vestibular

46% multifocal
complete improvement 5%, relapse 30%

Question 13

flavivirus in dogs:
1. 2 types
2. ticks
3. MRI lesion
4. histo mechanism
5. mortality

Answer 13

1. Tick-borne encephalitis and looping ill (only in UK)
2. Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
3. 75% had lesion on MRI. Symmetric lesion GM thalamus, med obl, pons, thorac/lumbar intum, ventral SC. No/mild contrast enhanct
4. neuronophagia and gliosis
5. 30-50% mortality (risk fact old, seizure), worse if myelitis. long term sequellae 17%

Question 14

survival and relapse MRI factor in dogs with MUO

Answer 14

survival: T2 lesion load

relapse: higher T1 post contrast load

Question 15

tick transmiting Ehrlichia

Answer 15

Rhipicephalus sanguineus
basophilic inytracytoplasmic inclusiojn in mononuclear cells

Question 16

vit D and blastomycosis

Answer 16

lower vit D with blasto
lower vit D associated with death, no change despite treatment

Question 17

sensit/specif CSF RT PCT for FIP

Answer 17

specif 100%
sensib 42%

if neuro/ophtalmic sign sensib 86%

Question 18

sex/age risk factor for FIP

Answer 18

male, young

Question 19

most common blood cell abnomalies in FIP

Answer 19

microcytosis 35%
band neutrophilia 44%
lymphopenia 26%
normocytic normochromic anemia

increase total prot 17%, hyperglob 89%
polyclonal (>mono) gamma-globulin
hyperbilirubinemia

Question 20

maj clinical signs with FIP

Answer 20

T3-L3 myelopathy
central vestib syndrome
multifocal

Question 21

satggering disease: histo, agent

Answer 21

lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis with angiocentric immune cell infiltration and perivascular cuffing predominantly in the grey matter of the CNS

rustrela virus (RusV; Rubivirus strelense; Matonaviridae), a relative of rubella virus (RuV; Rubivirus rubellae)

Question 22

ADC value in brain abcess

Answer 22

low 0.3-1.24 mm2/s

Question 23

parametre increased in non survivor cat with GS treatment for FIP

Answer 23

The short-term mortality rate was 12.0%

Univariate analysis identified plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity and bilirubin concentration as being significantly increased in nonsurvivors,
whereas concentrations of albumin, total protein, sodium, and potassium were significantly lower.

Additionally, nonsurvivors were significantly less likely to be febrile.

Of these variables, only plasma LDH activity ≥323 U/L, a cut-point determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, was significantly associated with short-term mortality by multivariate analysis.