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BRAIN - Malformation Flashcards

1
Q

Which breed is predisposed for lobar holoprosencephaly? Alobar?​

A

Lobar: miniature Schnauzer

Alobar: Burmese

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2
Q

What is the mechanism for holoprosencephaly?​

A

Failure of initiation of development and bifurcation of forebrain / telencephalic vesicles

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3
Q

What is the single feline breed that has the higher proportion of crowding of the contents of the caudal fossa or cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum, seen in sagittal brain MRI?

A

Persian

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4
Q

What are the clinical features associated with syringobulbia?

A

Small breed
Adult
Concurrent SHM
Neurological deficits cranial to SC (not explained by SHM)
Solitary medulla oblongata syringobulbia

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5
Q

What is the prevalence of olfactory recess dilation in healthy cats?

A

11%
(Overall: 37% of cats)

Not associated with age, sex, breed, or with the presence of nasal disease.

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6
Q

The CSF flow is unidirectional: true or false?

A

False

CSF displayed a bidirectional flow pattern on 2D cardiac-gated phase-contrast MRI at each location.

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7
Q

Which of the following statements about supracollicular fluid accumulations in dogs is correct?

1/ Dogs are more likely to have clinical signs if cerebellum and occipital lobes are compressed

2/ Most frequent clinical signs is blindness

3/ Occipital lobe compression of at least 50% was associated with clinical signs

4/ can cause absent pupillary light reflexes

A

a

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8
Q

Causes of meningoencephalocoele in cat?

A

Griseofulvin during pregnancy

Burmese cat craniofacial malformation (ALX1)

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9
Q

What are the 2 main clinical signs associated with meningocele and meningoencephalocele in dogs? The 2 main MRI signs?

A

Signs: seizures and behavioral abnormalities

CSF rhinorrhoea and refractory seizures are indications for surgery.

MRI: porencephaly (100%), meningeal enhancement of the protruded tissue (77%)

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10
Q

In Persians, high grades of brachycephaly are associated with malformations of the calvarial and facial bones as well as dental malformations: true or false?

A

True

The endocranial volume was significantly lower in doll-face than peke-face Persians,

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11
Q

What breed has been postulated to have a predisposition for 4rth ventricle arachnoid diverticula?

Border Collie
French Bulldog
Pug
None

A

border collie

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12
Q

What is the percentage of English Bulldogs undergoing MRI with some degree of cerebral ventriculomegaly?
56%
76%
86%
96%

A

96%

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13
Q

Syringobulbia may evolve from bulbous to slit?

A

False, only from slit to bulbous

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14
Q

Parietal meningoencephalocele is the most common type in dogs: true or false?

A

False

No parietal MEC was described in dogs, only parietal MC.
Moreover, intranasal MEC are more common than parietal MC.

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15
Q

Which breeds are affected by sacral OCD?

A

German Shepherd dogs
Boxer
Rottweiler

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16
Q

Intracranial cysts may enlarge by

A

secreting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the cyst

by way of an osmotic gradient depending on the cyst contents

by exfoliation of cyst lining or materials into the lumen.

17
Q

Intracranial intra-arachnoid diverticula:
1. pathophysiology
2. maj breed
3. different forms
4. reason for signs at adult age
5. % incidental finding
6. associated signs
7. % compression associated with signs
8. associated with hydrocephaly?

A
  1. congenit: splitting in the arachnoid layer because of aberrant CSF flow or acquired: head injury, intracranial infection/inflammation, neoplasia, or hemorrhage
  2. Shih tzu
  3. associated with either the third or fourth ventricle, or may
    have a loculated appearance and be associated with both third and fourth ventricles.
  4. intracystic hemorrhage after trauma
  5. 50%
  6. seizures, cerebellar/vestibulocerebellar signs
  7. 14% of occip lobe
  8. no
18
Q

epidermoid cyst :
1. localisation
2. origin
3. composition
4. other name
5. age presentation
6. associated complication
7. MRI appearence

A
  1. cerebellopontine/medullary angle, never extradur
  2. aberrant inclusion of nonneural ectoderm with the neural tube
  3. stratified squamous epithelium and contain keratinocytes, keratinaceous debris, and cholesterol
  4. cholesteatomas
  5. often incidental finding, middle
    age (slow growth)
  6. Chemical meningitis by the
    release of keratin/cholesterol breakdown products into the CSF
  7. hyper T2 and T1, incomplete FLAIR suppression, heterogenous
19
Q

dermoid cyst:
1. more frequent than epidermoid cyst?
2. composition
3. localisation
4. MRI

A
  1. more infrequent
  2. contain epidermoid tissue and adnexa, which can include hair follicles, sebaceous, apocrine, and sweat glands
  3. caudal fossa on the midline
  4. same as epider + hypointensity (
    calcification, glandular tissue, sweat, or hair)
20
Q

choroid plexus cyst:
1. localisation
2. origin
3. associated signs
4. MRI

A
  1. frequently bilateral, lateral ventricles
  2. “infolding” of the choroid epithelial; lipid accumulation within the choroid plexus
  3. rarely associated with CPCs unless obstructive hydrocephalus
    occurs
  4. T2 hyper T1 hypo, strong enhanc
21
Q

CSF production

A

CSF is formed primarily by the choroid plexus in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles
at a rate of 0.047 mL/min in dogs and 0.017 mL/min in cats.
+ secreted by the ependymal lining, the external pial-glial membrane on the surface
of the brain, and by the blood vessels in the pia-arachnoid
independent of CSF hydrostatic pressure, depends on osmotic pressure.

22
Q

breeds with higher risk of hydrocephaly

most common malformation

A

Maltese, Yorkshire terrier, English bulldog, Chihuahua, Lhasa apso, Pomeranian,
toy poodle, cairn terrier, Boston terrier, pug dog, and Pekingese

stenotic mesencephalic aqueduct at the level of rostral colliculi

23
Q

complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunting

A

infection
blockage by debrits, choroid plexus, brain parenchyma, kinking
overdrainage (ventricule collapse)
mechanical failure

overall improvement 72%, death 30%

24
Q

relation ICP and optic nerve sheat diameter in dog

A

ICP is positively and non linearly associated with maximum ONSD

25
Q

persistant fontanelle are associated with

A

small size
syringomyelia
CM/SM related signs
ventriculomegaly
CCJ overcrowding

26
Q

where is detected hypernatremia/dehydratation

A

osmorecept in hypothalamus, lamina terminalis (organum vasculosum), subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus

27
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation:
1. breed and mutation
2. enlarged caudal fossa ?
3. anatomic changes

A
  1. Eurasier, VLDLR (pully penetrant recessive) very low density lipoprotein recept, inflence cell migration
  2. two variant: enlarged or normal to small
  3. absence of caudal aspect to vermis and cerebellar hemis, retrocerebellar fluid accumul
28
Q

name of malformation causing opening of cranium

A

cranioschisis

29
Q

molecule detected in a dog with CSF fluid rhinirrhea

A

trasnferrein, glucose

30
Q

most common site associated with
1. cranial meningocoele or meningoencephalocoele
2. porencephaly

A
  1. seizures (80%), propriocept def (60%)
  2. seizures (70-80%)
31
Q

breeds predisposed + localisation to supracollic fluid accumul

A

shih-tzu
chihuahua
maltese

3rd ventri 50%
quadrigem cistern 13%
quad cist + 3rd vent 35%

32
Q

maj form syringobulbia + associated signs

A

linear (can progress to bulbous)
always associated with syringomyelia

vestibular + carvical hyperesthesia

33
Q

cat breed with forebrain comissural malformation

A

oriental-derived crossbred toyger cat, short ear phenotype

ventromegaly, ventricular cyst, midline and callosal malformation, ossif dura matter

34
Q

risk factor associated with overshunting in ventroperit shunt

+ decrease ventricular size associated with improvement of which signs

A

incresae ventricular brain ration
biventricular hydrocephalus

ataxia and obtundation

35
Q

cause of vision loss in dog with hydrocephaly

A

optic radiation lesions

36
Q

ADC/FA definition

A

ADC: numeric representation of isotropic water diffusivity, positive correl between ADC and age

FA: mesure anisotropic water diffusivity (directionality of water diffusion attribuable to surrounding tissue)
0= complete isotropic
1= complete anisotropic or highly directional dif
FA WM>GM

37
Q

localisation associated with head tilting elicited by head turning

A

hypoplastic nodulus and ventral uvula

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