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Musculoskeletal System > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral roots contain only which type of nerve fibres?

A

Efferent/motor

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

Each individual axon is surrounded by a…

A

Endoneurium

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4
Q

Each nerve fascicle is surrounded by a…

A

Perineurium

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5
Q

The entire nerve is surrounded by a …

A

Epineurium

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6
Q

Spinal nerves leave the spinal cord via …

A

Intervertebral foramina

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7
Q

What spinal level is conus medullaris?

A

L2

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8
Q

What do we call it when only the spinal roots are travelling through the vertebrae and not the spinal cord?

A

Cauda equina

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9
Q

C1 - C7 exit …. the corresponding vertebrae

A

Above

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10
Q

Where does C8 exit?

A

Between vertebrae C7 and T1

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11
Q

T1-L5 exit … the corresponding vertebrae

A

Below

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12
Q

Define the spinal nerve root of an injury

A

The lowest level of full sensation and function

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13
Q

Dorsal roots contain only which kind of nerve fibres?

A

Afferent/sensory

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14
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

33

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15
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do we have?

A

7

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16
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?

A

12

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17
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?

A

5

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18
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do we have?

A

5

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19
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae do we have?

A

4

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20
Q

How many discrete single vertebrae do we have?

A

24

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21
Q

How many fused vertebrae do we have?

A

9

2 structures

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22
Q

What is the vertebral lamina?

A

The part of the vertebra that connects the transverse process to the spinous process

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23
Q

What is the vertebral pedicle?

A

The part of the vertebra that connects the transverse process to the vertebral body

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24
Q

Which ligament strengthens the intervertebral foramina?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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25
Q

What does the interlocking design of the vertebrae prevent?

A

Anterior displacement

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26
Q

What is the functional and structural classification of the vertebral joints?

A

Amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous (symphysis)

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27
Q

What are the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

Collagen

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28
Q

What are the inner lamellae of the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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29
Q

Name some features of the annulus fibrosus

A 
Avascular
Aneural 
Surrounds nucleus pulposus
Shock absorber
Stronger than the vertebral body
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30
Q

Which part of the spine changes in size throughout the day?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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31
Q

What are the stages of a slipped disc?

A

Disc degeneration
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestration

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32
Q

Where does a slipped disc most commonly occur?

A

L4/5

L5/S1

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33
Q

Which direction does disc usually herniate in?

A

Posterolaterally

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34
Q

Why is a posterior herniation an emergency?

A

may cause spinal cord compression

35
Q

Pressure on nerve roots leads to radiculopathy. What is radiculopathy?

A

Dermatomal sensory symptoms: paraesthesia and pain

Myotomal motor weakness

36
Q

Pressure on the spinal cord leads of myelopathy? What is myelopathy?

A

Global weakness
Gait dysfunction
Loss of balance
Loss of bladder and bowel control

37
Q

What defines the cervical vertebrae?

A

Smallest of discrete vertebrae
Bifid spinous processes (except C7)
Transverse foramen in transverse process (foramen transversarium)
Triangular vertebral foramen

38
Q

What travels through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae? (Except C7)

A

Vertebral artery and vein

39
Q

What does the C7 transverse foramen transmit?

A

Accessory vertebral vein

40
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

Atlas

41
Q

What joints does the atlas make?

A

Atlanto-occipital

Atlanto-axial

42
Q

Which joint permits nodding? (Flexion and extension)

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

43
Q

Which joint permits shaking the head? (Lateral rotation)

A

Atlanto-axial

44
Q

What makes the atlas vertebra different ?

A

No vertebral body
No spinous process
Widest cervical vertebra

45
Q

What do we call the second cervical vertebra?

A

Axis

46
Q

What are the 3 main features of the axis?

A

Odontoid process (or Dens)
Rugged lateral mass
Large spinous process

47
Q

Which structures prevent horizontal displacement of the atlas on the axis?

A 
Odontoid process (or Dens)
Transverse ligament
48
Q

What are the 2 types of axis fracture?

A

Hangman’s fracture

Peg fracture

49
Q

Describe a Hangman’s fracture

A

Hyperextension of the head on neck
Axis fractures through pedicles
Forward displacement of C1 and body of C2 on C3
Significant spinal cord injury

50
Q

Describe a peg fracture

A

Blow to the back of the head

Fracture through the Dens

51
Q

What do we call a fracture of the atlas?

A

Jefferson’s fracture

52
Q

Describe a Jefferson’s fracture

A

Fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas
Caused by axial load (diving into shallow water)
Typically causes pain but no neurological signs

53
Q

Which spinous process is the longest?

A

C7

54
Q

How does whiplash occur?

A

Cervical spine has a high mobility and low stability

Hyperextension and hyperflexion can occur and causes temporary contusion to the spinal cord

55
Q

Which facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with the head of the rib?

A 
Demi facets on sides of vertebral body (T2-T8)
Whole facets (T9-T10)
56
Q

Which facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercle of the rib?

A

Costal facets on transverse processes

57
Q

What structures does the sacrum articulate with?

A

L5
Ilium
Coccyx

58
Q

Which parts of the spine would be classed as lordosis?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

59
Q

What parts of the spine would be classed as kyphosis?

A

Thoracic
Sacral
Coccyx

60
Q

Describe the spine of a foetus

A

Flexed in a single curvature - primary curvature
C-shaped
Kyphosis (concave anteriorly)

61
Q

When does the cervical spine begin to lordosis?

A

When the young child begins to lift its head

62
Q

When does the lumbar spine lose primary kyphosis?

A

During crawling

63
Q

When does the lumbar lordosis develop?

A

When the child begins to stand and walk

64
Q

Where does the centre of gravity pass through the vertebral column?

A

C1-C2
C7-T1
T12-L1
L5-S1

65
Q

What is senile kyphosis?

A

Secondary curvatures of the spine begin to disappear

Continuous primary curvature reestablished

66
Q

What is Scheuermann’s disease?

A

Uneven vertebral growth
Leads to increased kyphosis (usually thoracic)
Posterior border of spine longer than anterior border

67
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

May be cosmetic, can lead to prominence of ribs and/or scapula and uneven ‘apparent’ arm and leg length

68
Q

What 3 types of scoliosis can occur?

A

Primary (congenital)
Idiopathic
Secondary to a neuromuscular disease

69
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Pathological kyphosis and scoliosis combined
Asymmetric weakening of paraspinal muscles
Leads to: reduced lung capacity, pulmonary hypertension and spinal cord compression

70
Q

Which 2 diseases are likely to lead to kyphoscoliosis?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy

71
Q

What are the 2 main ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal

72
Q

What ligaments is stronger: anterior longitudinal or posterior longitudinal?

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament is stronger

73
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?

A

Anterior tubercle of atlas to sacrum

74
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

A

Hyperextension

75
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?

A

Body of axis to sacral canal

76
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

A

Hyperflexion

77
Q

Describe the ligamentum flavum

A

Between laminae of adjacent vertebrae (help form the intervertebral foramina)
Elastic fibres
Stretched during flexion

78
Q

Describe interspinous ligaments

A

Unite spinous processes of adjacent to vertebrae
Sheets of fibrous tissue
Relatively weak
Well developed in lumbar region to confer stability in flexion

79
Q

Describe the supraspinous ligament

A 
Joins the tips of adjacent spinous vertebrae
Strong bands of fibrous tissue
Lax in extension
Tight in flexion 
Starts at C7
80
Q

What do we call the ligament that attaches the external occipital protruberance to the cervical vertebrae?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

81
Q

What is the role of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Maintains secondary curvature of cervical spine
Supports the head
Major site of attachment for neck and trunk muscles

82
Q

What are the sites for lumbar puncture?

A

L2/3
L3/4
L4/5
(After the conus medullaris)

83
Q

Where do we take spinal fluid from?

A

Subarachnoid space

84
Q

What happens to annulus fibrosus as you age?

A

Gets thinner posteriorly

Musculoskeletal System (26 decks)

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