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Musculoskeletal System > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which joints does osteoarthritis commonly affect?

A

Weight-bearing joints

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2
Q

Name some of the systemic features that can occur with rheumatoid arthritis

A

Subcutaneous nodules
Anaemia
Splenomegaly
Amyloidosis

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3
Q

Define osteoporosis

A

Reduction in total bone mass causing weakening of the bones

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4
Q

Osteoporosis can be a complication of…

A

Cushing’s syndrome

Steroid therapy

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5
Q

What is the pathology behind osteomalacia and rickets?

A

Inadequate mineralisation of the organic bone matrix due to a deficiency in the active metabolites of vitamin D

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6
Q

What can cause vitamin D deficiency?

A

Lack of dietary vitamin D
Lack of sunlight
Intestinal malabsorption
Renal and liver disease

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7
Q

Define Paget’s disease of bone

A

Common disease of unknown aetiology causes a localised increase in bone turnover

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8
Q

Which bones are most commonly affected in Paget’s?

A

Pelvis and spine

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9
Q

What will be elevated in plasma of a patient with Paget’s Disease of Bone?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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10
Q

What are the most prominent symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A

Pain and limitation of movement

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11
Q

What is Herpes Zoster?

A

Shingles
Viral infection
Almost always affects the skin of a single dermatome
Dormant version of chicken pox that gets reactivated when the host is immunosuppressed

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12
Q

Describe sciatica

A

Pain going down the leg from the lower back
Typically symptoms only on one side of the body
Weakness or numbness may occur
Typical cause = spinal disc herniation
In most people it goes away by itself

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13
Q

Describe spina bifida

A

Failure of apoptosis
There isn’t continuity of the epithelium, neural tube and mesoderm
Spinal cord may be exposed
Can cause deformity and hypoplasia of the legs

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14
Q

Describe hip dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of the hip
Relatively common
Can be dislocated at birth or sometime later
Problem can be: acetabulum, head of femur or capsule

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15
Q

Describe a slipped upper femoral epiphysis

A

Fracture through the growth plate
Rest of femur rides up and forward in relation to epiphysis
Ages 10-16 years most affected

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16
Q

How would the limb appear after a posterior dislocation of the hip?

A

Limb looks shortened and medially rotated

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17
Q

What muscles cause the medial rotation of the femur after a posterior dislocation?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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18
Q

Which type of muscles cause the shortened limb appearance after a posterior dislocation of the hip?

A

Extensors

Adductors

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19
Q

Are trochanteric fractures intra or extra capsular?

A

Extra capsular

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20
Q

How does the limb appear after a hip fracture?

A

Shortened limb
Externally rotated
Abducted

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21
Q

Which muscles cause external rotation after a hip fracture?

A

Iliopsoas

22
Q

Which muscles cause abduction after a hip fracture?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

23
Q

Name the stages of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovitis
Pannus
Fibrous ankylosis
Bony ankylosis

24
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A

Hypertrophy and spasms of piriformis
Pain down the back of the leg
Can present with similar pain as slipped disc (sciatic nerve)
Usually presents in young athletes

25
Q

Name 2 types of fracture of the distal radius

A

Colles’ fracture

Smith’s fracture

26
Q

Describe Colles’ fracture

A

Fracture of distal radius
Tends to be older people
Posterior displacement of distal fragments of radius
Falling on an outstretched hand

27
Q

Describe Smith’s fracture

A

Fracture of the distal radius
Anterior displacement of the distal fragments
Falling on a flexed wrist/direct trauma to forearm

28
Q

How can we fracture the scaphoid?

A

Falling on an outstretched hand

29
Q

What is another name for popliteal cysts?

A

Bakers cysts

30
Q

What is a popliteal cyst a sign of?

A

Chronic knee effusion

31
Q

What does Popeye sign indicate?

A

Rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon

32
Q

What is Froment’s sign?

A

Test for ulnar nerve palsy
Tests the action of adductor pollicis
Place a piece of paper between thumb and index finger and try to pull it out whilst seeing if the patient can prevent you without flexing their thumb

33
Q

After a fracture, what happens to the different parts of the clavicle?

A

Lateral end = displaced inferiorly by weight of arm and medially by pectoralis major
Medial end = pulled superiorly by muscles

34
Q

Unopposed medial arm rotation can produce which deformity?

A

Waiter’s tip

35
Q

What is the standard treatment for muscle injuries?

A

RICE

Rest, ice, compression and elevation

36
Q

When would we want to check the blood supply to the legs and feet?

A

If they have peripheral vascular disease

If they have just had an operation

37
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Very obviously dilated veins

If we remove them, we need to be aware of the nerve supply around them

38
Q

Over what age do we consider it old age?

A

Over 65 years

39
Q

Define some of the consequences of ageing

A

Loss of muscle strength and endurance
Loss of bone strength
Increased fall and fracture risk
Reduction in ability to go about daily life

40
Q

Bone mineral loss is accelerated by ….

A

Low reproduction hormones
Poor calcium/vitamin D
Inactivity
Endocrine or GI pathologies

41
Q

What is a T score?

A

The bone density of a patient
0 = normal
More negative = lower bone mass

42
Q

Describe Type 1 osteoporosis

A

Post-menopausal women

Loss of oestrogen accelerates bone loss

43
Q

Describe Type 2 osteoporosis

A

Senile
Age related
Usually to do with hyperparathyroidism or calcium deficiency

44
Q

What are bisphosphonates?

A

Anti-resorptive agents for bone

Affects osteoclasts - inhibits

45
Q

Describe osteoarthritis

A

Disorder of synovial joints characterised by areas of damage to articular cartilage
Formation of osteophytes
Pain, stiffness, deformity, joint swelling (Distal IP)
Decreased joint space

46
Q

Define dislocation

A

Complete loss of continuity of the articulating surfaces of a joint

47
Q

What is meralgia parasthetica?

A

Nerve compression syndrome
Common in pregnancy and in obese people
No muscle weakness associated - sensory nerves only
Rare in children

48
Q

Which system do we use to classify nerve injuries?

A

Seddon classification

49
Q

Describe a class I peripheral nerve injury

A

Neurapraxia
Temporary block to conduction
Everything is intact - no degeneration
Complete recovery made

50
Q

Describe a class II peripheral nerve injury

A 
Axonotmesis 
Compression/moderate traction 
Loss of continuity of myelin sheath 
Some Wallerian degeneration 
Partial/full recovery
51
Q

Describe a class III peripheral nerve injury

A 
Neurotmesis 
Partial or complete division of the structure 
Disruption of axon and sheath 
Wallerian degeneration 
No recovery without surgery

Musculoskeletal System (26 decks)

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