Bones and Joints of Upper Limb Flashcards
Which is larger: the lateral or medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Medial epicondyle
How many carpal bones do we have per wrist?
8 carpal bones
Name the carpal bones of the proximal row
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform
Name the carpal bones of the distal row
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
What shape is the clavicle?
S shaped
Convex medially and concave laterally
Name the 3 fossa of the scapula
Subscapular fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Which process is more anterior on the scapula?
Coracoid process
Which is higher, the anatomical or surgical neck of the humerus?
Anatomical neck
Name the 2 fossa of the anterior distal humerus
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Name the fossa of the distal posterior humerus
Olecranon fossa
Which sides do the capitulum and trochlea lay on?
Capitulum = lateral Trochlea = medial
What are the articulating surfaces of the glenohumeral joint?
Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
How is the glenoid cavity deepened?
Glenoid labrum
What features make the shoulder joint unstable?
Glenoid cavity is shallow
Disproportion of articular surfaces
Multiplanar movements
Lax capsule
Where does the capsule of the shoulder joint attach?
Glenoid labrum and margins of glenoid cavity
Anatomical neck of humerus (except medially it attaches to the surgical neck)
Why is there a small opening in the joint capsule of the shoulder anteriorly?
The synovial membrane communicates with the subscapular bursa
What are the 3 extra capsular ligaments of the shoulder called?
Coracoacromial
Coracohumeral
Transverse humeral
How many intra capsular ligaments of the shoulder are there and what are they called?
3
Superior, middle and inferior
What structures form the coracoacromial arch?
Coracoacromial ligament
Acromion
Coracoid process
What does the coracoacromial arch help to prevent?
Upper displacement of the humerus
Name the rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Which is the only rotator cuff muscle to attach to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and why?
Subscapularis
This is the only anterior muscle of the rotator cuff muscles. The others are posterior so insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Which tendon passes under the coracoacromial arch?
Supraspinatus tendon
What is painful arc syndrome and what causes painful arc syndrome?
Pain on abduction of the arm between 50-130 degrees
Inflammation of the subacromial bursa
What does the subacromial bursa facilitate?
Movement of the supraspinatus tendon under the CAA
Movement of the deltoid muscle over the capsule and greater tubercle
What does the subscapular bursa facilitate?
Movement of the subscapularis tendon over the scapula
Which muscles act to flex the shoulder?
Pectoralis major
Anterior fibres of deltoid
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Which muscles act to extend the shoulder?
Posterior fibres of deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Which muscles act to abduct the shoulder?
0-15 = supraspinatus 15-90 = deltoid >90 = trapezius and serratus anterior
What muscles act to adduct the shoulder?
Pectoralis major
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Which muscles act to medially rotate the shoulder?
Subscapularis
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Which muscles act to laterally rotate the shoulder?
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
What is the most common shoulder dislocation?
Inferior and anterior
Clinically defined as anterior dislocation because the humeral head is pulled anteriorly by the muscles
What separates the distal radio-ulnar joint from the wrist joint?
A fibrous articular disc
What forms the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
Scaphoid and trapezium bones
Which of the carpals is a sesamoid bone and which tendon does it reside in?
Pisiform
Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
Which bones form the wrist joint?
Radius, scaphoid and lunate
Why can we adduct the wrist much further than we can abduct?
The radial styloid process extends further distally than the ulnar styloid process
Name the ligaments of the wrist joint
Palmar radiocarpal Dorsal radiocarpal Palmar ulnocarpal Radial collateral Ulnar collateral
How many bands does the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow have and what do we call them?
3
Anterior, posterior and oblique
Which 2 ligaments blend at the elbow joint?
Radial collateral ligament and annular ligament of radius
Which are the 2 bursae that can give rise to problems at the elbow?
Subcutaneous olecranon bursa
Subtendinous olecranon bursa
Which way will the elbow normally dislocate?
Posteriorly
Humerus displaced anteriorly
Describe pulled elbow
Failure of annular ligament of radius to hold the radius in place
Common in children
Head of radius subluxates
What do we call the superior extension of capsule at the distal radio-ulnar joint that allows twisting of the capsule?
Sacciform recess
What ligaments are present at the wrist?
Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal radiocarpal
At which point is the clavicle weakest?
At the junction of the medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3
Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the upper limb after a dislocation?
Pectoralis muscles
Why does the clavicle often fracture at the joint between the lateral third and the medial two thirds?
This is its weakest point
It changes direction and shape here
Which muscle is responsible for pulling the medial part of the clavicle up after a fracture?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
