Ankle And Foot

Question 1

What is the plantigrade position?

Answer 1

Standing directly on the soles of the feet

Question 2

Which bones form the ankle joint?

Answer 2

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

Question 3

Which joint allows inversion and eversion?

Answer 3

Subtalar joint

Question 4

What forms the transverse arch?

Answer 4

Cuneiforms - wedge shaped so they are thinner on the plantar surface

Question 5

What forms the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 5

Plantar fascia and plantarflexion muscles

Question 6

What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 6

Dense CT of the sole

Question 7

As a general rule, where do plantar flexors insert?

Answer 7

Posterior to malleoli

Question 8

As a general rule, where do dorsiflexors insert?

Answer 8

Anterior to malleoli

Question 9

As a general rule, where do invertors insert?

Answer 9

Medial aspect of foot

Question 10

As a general rule, where do evertors insert?

Answer 10

Lateral aspect of foot

Question 11

Why can we plantarflex more than dorsiflex?

Answer 11

The talus is wider anteriorly than posteriorly

During dorsiflexion the talus gets wedged between the malleoli so cannot go further

Question 12

Name the ligaments of the medial side of the ankle

Answer 12

Posterior tibiotalar
Anterior tibiotalar
Deltoid (tibiocalcaneal and tibionavicular)

Question 13

Name the ligaments of the lateral side of the ankle

Answer 13

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneo-fibular

Question 14

Which ligament is likely to tear during plantarflexion?

Answer 14

Anterior talofibular ligament (lateral side)

Question 15

What are the 2 phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 15

Stance and swing

Question 16

Which movements are required for the initial contact of heel to the floor?

Answer 16

Hip flexion (iliopsoas)
Knee extension (quads) 
Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior leg)

Question 17

Which movements are required as the foot takes the load?

Answer 17

Knee extension (quads) 
Ankle neutral (invertors and evertors)

Question 18

Which movements are required as we move onto the ball of our foot?

Answer 18

Hip extension (hamstrings) 
Ankle plantarflexion (gastrocnemius and soleus)

Question 19

Which movements are required as we push off from the ground at the end of stance phase?

Answer 19

Ankle plantarflexion (gastrocnemius and soleus) 
Toe flexion (flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus)

Question 20

What are the movements required to lift the leg and raise the foot at the start of swing phase?

Answer 20

Hip flexion (iliopsoas and rectus femoris) 
Knee flexion (hamstrings) 
Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior leg)

Question 21

Which movement are required to swing the leg in walking?

Answer 21

Hip flexion (iliopsoas and rectus femoris)
Knee extension (quads)
Ankle dorsiflexion (anterior leg)

Question 22

Which structures confer lateral stability to the knee?

Answer 22

Tensor fascia lata
Iliotibial tract
Lateral collateral ligament

Question 23

Falling forward whilst standing is prevented mainly by which muscle?

Answer 23

Soleus

Question 24

Describe antalgic gait

Answer 24

Limp
Shortened stance phase with gentle heel strike
Pain reduce shock coming up the leg