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musculoskeletal system > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classifications of bones by shape?

A 
Flat
Short
Long
Irregular
Sesamoid 
Sutural
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2
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpal

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3
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebra

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4
Q

Where do you find sutural bones?

A

Within a cranial suture

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5
Q

Short bones consist mainly of …

A

Spongy bone

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6
Q

Where does a nutrient artery enter the bone?

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

What are the structural classification of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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8
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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9
Q

What do we term an immovable joint?

A

Synarthrosis

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10
Q

What do we term a freely moveable joint?

A

Diarthrosis

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11
Q

Define syndesmosis

A

Slightly moveable fibrous joint which connects bones via connective tissue

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12
Q

What is another name for a primary cartilaginous joint and what are its features?

A

Synchondrosis

Connective medium is hyaline cartilage
Synarthrosis

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13
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

A

Xiphisternal joint

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14
Q

What is another name for a secondary cartilaginous joint and what are its features?

A

Symphysis

Connective medium is fibrocartilage
Amphiarthrosis

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15
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

Pubic symphysis

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16
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint made from?

A

Collagen

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17
Q

What are the features of synovial membrane?

A

Thin
Highly vascularised
Produces synovial fluid

18
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon

19
Q

Name some features of synovial fluid

A

Clear/pale yellow
Viscous
Slightly alkaline at rest
Only a small volume in joint spaces

20
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Reduces friction
Shock absorption
Nutrient and waste transport

21
Q

Does articular cartilage have a blood supply?

A

No

Articular cartilage is avascular so is dependent on diffusion through the synovial fluid.

22
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles.

23
Q

What are the types of synovial joint?

A 
Planar
Hinge 
Pivot
Condyloid 
Saddle
Ball and socket
24
Q

Describe a planar joint

A

Articulating surfaces are flat or only slightly curved
Gliding/sliding movements
Non-axial

25
Q

Give an example of a planar joint

A

Sternoclavicular

26
Q

Describe a hinge joint

A

Pulley shaped: convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Uniaxial

27
Q

Give 2 examples of hinge joints

A

Knee

Ankle

28
Q

Describe a pivot joint

A

Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by another bone
Uniaxial

29
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

Atlantoaxial

30
Q

Describe a condyloid joint

A

Oval shaped condyle of one bone rests on elliptical cavity of another
Biaxial

31
Q

Give an example of a condyloid bone

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

Radio-carpal (wrist)

32
Q

Describe a saddle joint

A

One bone is saddle shaped and the other bone resembles the legs of the rider
Biaxial

33
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

34
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint

A

Ball like surface of one bone fits into the cup like surface of another
Polyaxial

35
Q

Give 2 examples of ball and socket joints

A

Hip

Shoulder

36
Q

What factors affect stability and motion of joints?

A 
Structure/shape of articulating bones
Strength and tension of joint ligaments
Arrangement and tone of muscles 
Neighbouring soft tissues
Hormones
Use/disuse
37
Q

What are the effects of ageing on joints?

A

Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of articular cartilage
Shortening of ligaments
Degenerative changes

38
Q

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

A

Pain, swelling and stiffness

39
Q

What are the signs of arthritis?

A

Redness, swelling, deformity, tenderness, reduced range of movement and abnormal gait

40
Q

What are the x-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
Narrowing of joint space
Loss of bone matrix
Bony erosions
Subluxation 
Gross deformity
41
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Support 
Protection
Movement
Mineral and growth factor storage 
Haematopoeisis
42
Q

What is the most commonly dislocated joint?

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral)

musculoskeletal system (26 decks)

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