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Ana 203 Part B > Spinal Cord Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gross appearance of the spinal cord

  • begins superiorly from the_____
  • termnares inferiorly in adults at the level of___; young child at the level of____
  • occupies____ of the vertebral canal
  • gives off____ plexus in the cervical region
  • inferiorly tapers off into the____
A

foramen magnum

L1

upper border of L3

upper 2/3

brachial

cornus medullaris

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2
Q

Gross appearance of the spinal cord

  • from the cornus medullaris , a prolongation of_____, called the____ descends into the____
  • the spinal cord possess a____ longitudinal fissure called the_____ in the midline anteriorly
  • also has a____ posterior furrow called the_____
A

pia matter; filum terminale; coccyx

deep ;anterior median fissure

shallow; posterior median sulcus

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3
Q

List the Spinal cord Enlargements

____enlargement

_____enlargement

A

cervical

Lumbar

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4
Q

Spinal cord Enlargements

cervical enlargement
-extends from___ to___

Lumbar enlargement

  • from__ to ___
  • below this enlargement, the cord tapers off to the____
A

C3; T2

L1-S3

conus medullaris

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5
Q

Which spinal cord enlargement is more pronounced and larger ??

A

Cervical enlargement is larger and more pronounced than the lumbar enlargement

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6
Q

GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD

  • seen as a__-shaped pillar with ___ and ___columns/horns
  • a small___ column segment is present in the___ and _____ segments
  • the gray matter comprises of a mixture of____ and___
  • the nerve cells are ____polar
A

H

anterior and posterior

lateral; thoracic and upper lumbar

nerve cells; their processes

multi

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7
Q

the amount of gray matter present at any given level of the spinal cord is related to the amount of muscles innervated at that level

T/F

A

T

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8
Q

Gray and white matter have neuroglia and blood vessels

T/F

A

T

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9
Q

Nerve cell groups in the anterior gray columns

  • the axons of larger nerves pass out the anterior gray column as____ efferents that innervates___
  • the axons of smaller nerves pass out the anterior gray column as___ efferents that innervate the_____
A

alpha; skeletal muscles

gamma; intrafusal fibers of neuromuscular spindles

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10
Q

the nerves cells of the anterior gray columns are divided into 3 groups or columns:_____ ,____,and _____

A

medial, central, and lateral

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11
Q

Medial group of AGC

  • present in___ segments of the spinal cord
  • innervate the skeletal muscles of the___ and ____ including the____ and ____
A

most

neck and trunk

intercoastal and abdominal musculature

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12
Q

Central group of AGC

  • present in ____ and ____segments
  • C_to C_ innervates the diaphragm through the___ nerve
  • also innervates the___ and ____ muscle
A

some cervical and lumbosacral

C3-C5; phrenic

trapezius and SCM

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13
Q

Lateral group of AGC

  • present in____ and ____ segments
  • responsible for innervating_____
A

cervical and Lumbosacral

skeletal muscles of the limbs

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14
Q

smallest group of AGC is ______

A

Central group

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15
Q

Nerve cell groups in the posterior gray columns

  • there are 4 nerve cells groups
  • 2 of the nerve cell groups extend____ of the spinal cord
  • other 2 groups are_____ segments
  • there may be a fifth group known as____ nucleus
A

the entire length

restricted to thoracic and lumbar

posteromarginal

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16
Q

Substantial gelatinosa group

  • found at___ of PGC
  • found_____ of spinal cord
  • receive afferent fibers concerned with___,____,____ from the posterior root
A

apex

throughout length

pain ,temperature and touch

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17
Q

Nucleus proprius group

  • situated____ to the substantia gelatinosa
  • occupy ____of the spinal cord
  • receives fibers of the ____column that is concerned with____,___, and ____
A

anterior

entire length

posterior white white

proprioception, 2-point discrimination and vibration

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18
Q

Nucleus proprius

Large or small

A

Large

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19
Q

Nucleus dorsalis group

  • aka_____
  • situated at the____ of the PGC
  • extends ____ segment
  • most of its cells are associated with____ endings( neuromuscular spindles and tendon spindles)
A

Clarke’s column

base

C8 to 3rd of 4th lumbar

proprioceptive

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20
Q

Visceral afferent nucleus group

  • situated____ to nucleus dorsalis
  • extends from____
  • receives___ afferent fibers
A

lateral

L1-L3

visceral

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21
Q

Nerve cell groups in the Lateral gray columns

  • extends from ___ to ___segment of spinal cord and give rise to_____ fibers
  • a smaller group of cells are found in the ____segments of the spinal cord and they give rise to____ fibers
A

T1-L2 or L3

ganglionic sympathetic

S2-S4

parasympathetic

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22
Q

Nerve cell groups in the intermediate gray columns

  • this part contains the _____ and ____nucleus
  • sacral autonomic nucleus is located in the same place as______ but in the _____segments of spinal cord
A

intermediolateral nucleus and intermediomedial

intermediolateral nucleus

S2-S4

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23
Q

REXED LAMINAE

-gray matter is divisible into____ lamina marked by Roman numerals

A

10

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24
Q

REXED LAMINAE

lamina 1 is at____ of the___ horn

  • lamina 2 corresponds to_____
  • lamina 3-6 corresponds to____
A

the tip; post

substantia gelatinosa

nucleus proprius

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25
Q

REXED LAMINAE

lamina 7 corresponds to____ horn in ____segments

  • lamina 8 corresponds to____ in___ segment but ______in___and____ segments
  • lamina 9 corresponds to____ in___ horn
A

lateral

T1-L2

most of the anterior horn; thoracic

only the medial part ; cervical and lumbar

group of motor neuron; ventral

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26
Q

Lamina 8 also contains the Clarke’s nucleus in C8-L3 segments
T/F

A

F

It’s lamina 7

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27
Q

REXED LAMINAE

lamina X is the______. Includes the _______surrounding the central canal

A

gray substance that surrounds the central canal

substantia gelatinosa centralis

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28
Q

TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD
contains only large diameter axons which are myelinated

T/F

A

F

contains both small and large diameter axons which may or may not be myelinated

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29
Q

TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD

the fibers run in different directions:____,____,____

  • some fibers are intrasegmental, i.e_____; and some are intersegmental
  • fibers are grouped into tracts depending on their____
A

ascending , descending, horizontal

arise and terminate within a segment

functional modality

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30
Q

Gray commissure

  • in transverse section of spinal cord, anterior and posterior gray horns are connected by a______’__shaped’
  • at the center of the commissure is situated a___
A

transverse gray commissure; H

central canal

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31
Q

the central canal divides the gray commissure into___ and ____ gray commissure depending on which side it belongs to

A

anterior and posterior

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32
Q

central canal
central canal runs through only the thoracic and lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord
T/F

A

F

central canal runs throughout the length of the spinal cord

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33
Q

central canal

superiorly it corresponds with the____ of ____ and opens into the___ of the ____

  • continues inferiorly with the ____where it expands into the____ and terminated below within the____ of _____
  • it’s filled with___ and line by ____epithelium, the____ cells
A

central canal of the medulla oblongata

cavity of the 4th ventricle

conus medullaris

fusiform terminal ventricle

root of filum terminale

CSF; ciliated columnar ; ependyma

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34
Q

WHITE MATTER

  • consists of a mixture of___,___,and ____
  • its white color is due to the______
  • divided into___,____,and____
A

nerve fibers, neuroglia, and blood vessels

high proportion of myelinated nerve fibers

anterior lateral and posterior

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35
Q

WHITE MATTER
Anterior: between____ and ____
-lateral: between_____ and ___
-posterior :between_____ and ——

A

midline and point of emergence of anterior nerve roots

anterior and posterior nerve roots

midline and point of emergence of posterior nerve roots

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36
Q

ARRANGEMENT OF NERVE FIBER TRACTS IN WHITE MATTER
-A tract(___/——) is a collection of____ with the same origin, course and termination
-within the CNS, a tract connects______of ___
-divided into 3
_____
______
_____

A

lemnisci/fasciculi

nerve fibers

2 masses of gray matter

ascending tracts

  • descending tracts
  • intersegmental and intrasegmental tracts
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37
Q

ASCENDING TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD

  • go from_____ to _____
  • the information carried are divided into 2
  • Exteroceptive information: originates from____ eg_____
  • Proprioceptive information: originates from______ eg _____
A

spinal cord to higher regions

outside the body. Eg pain temp touch

inside the body. Eg muscles and joints

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38
Q

Anatomical organization of ascending tract

  • First order neurons
  • cell bodies are in_____
  • ____process connects with a sensory receptor ending while the____ process passes the posterior root to synapse on the second order neuron
A

dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve

peripheral; central

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39
Q

Anatomical organization of ascending tract

Second order neuron
-give rise to axons that____ and ____ to higher level CNS and synapse with third order neuron

A

decussate and ascend

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40
Q

Anatomical organization of ascending tract

Third order neuron

  • usually in the____
  • gives rise to____ fibers that pass to a sensory region of the cerebral cortex
A

thalamus

projection

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41
Q

The ascending pathways only use 3 neurons. Never more, nerve less
T/F

A

F

though most of the neurons of the ascending pathway use the 3 order of neurons, some others engage with fewer or more

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42
Q

many of the neurons in the ascending pathways branch and give a major input to the____ which in turn activates the ____thereby maintaining_____

A

reticular formation

cerebral cortex

wakefulness

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43
Q

other ascending pathway branches pass to motor neurons and participate in ____activity

A

reflex muscular

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44
Q

A list of Ascending tracts

Mention like 9 or 10

A

Spinothalamic tracts:anterior and lateral

  • DCML
  • posterior spinocerebellar tracts
  • cuneocerebellar tract
  • anterior cerebellar tract
  • spinotectal
  • spinoreticular
  • spinolivary tracts
  • visceral sensory tracts
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45
Q

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS

  • pathway for___ and ____
  • first order neuron at____
  • the axons continue into the spinal cord and travel a distance of one or 2 segments of the spinal cord forming the____ of ____
  • axons of first order neuron terminate by synapsing in the_____ of _____
  • ____is the NT released at this point
A

pain and temperature

dorsal root ganglia

posterolateral tract of lissaeur

substantia gelatinosa of the posterior gray column

substance P

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46
Q

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS
the axons of the second order neuron____ through the_____ and ____ of the same spinal segment and ascend in the _____of the spinal cord as the lateral Spinothalamic tract
-As this tract ascends, it is accompanied by the ____ and ______ and together forms the_____
-axons of the second order neurons ascend through the___and ____ to terminate in the 3rd order neuron in the____ of____

A

decussate

anterior gray and white commissures

contralateral white column

Anterior Spinothalamic tract and the spinotectal tract ; spinal lemniscus

pons and midbrain; ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

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47
Q

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS

from the VPN, the third order neuron ascends through the ____ and _____to the____ area of the ____gyrus

A

internal capsule and corona radiata

somesthetic

post central

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48
Q

ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

  • pathway for____ and ____
  • first order neuron at ____and proceed to dorsal grey column
  • axons of first order neuron terminate by synapsing in the_____ of _____
A

light/crude touch and pressure

dorsal root ganglia

substantia gelatinosa of the posterior gray column

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49
Q

ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

the axons of the second order neuron____ to the anterior gray and white commissures of the same spinal segment and ascend in the anterolateral white column of the spinal cord as the anterior Spinothalamic tract to the____

  • then later joins___ lemniscus that ascends to___ of ____
  • from the VPN, to the somesthetic area of the post central gyrus
A

decussate; medullar oblongata

spinal

VPN of thalamus

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50
Q

DCML

  • pathway for____,___,and____
  • fibers of first order neuron from the____ enter the spinal cord and pass to the_____ of the___ side
  • they divide into____ and ____ branches
A

discriminative touch, vibratory sense and conscious muscle joint sense

dorsal root ganglion

posterior white column; same

long ascending and short descending

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51
Q

The short descending fibers of the DCML pathway are involved with_____

A

intersegmental reflexes

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52
Q

-the long ascending fibers off DCML pathways may also end by synapsing with cells in the___ grey horn with____ neurons and with___ cells

A

dorsal

internuncial

anterior

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53
Q

DCML

  • many of the long ascending fibers travel upwards in the posterior white column as____ and ____
  • FG is present throughout the length of spinal cord and contains long ascending fibers from the ___,_____,____, and ____spinal nerves
  • FC is situated in the_____ and _____ of the spinal cord
  • the fibers of FG and FC ascend ___laterally and terminate by synapsing on the second order neurons in the_____ and ____ of the _____
A

fasciculus gracilis(FG) and fasciculus cuneatus(FC)

coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, and lower 6 thoracic

upper thoracic and cervical segments

ipsi

nucleus gracilis(NG) and nucleus cuneatus(NC) of the medulla oblongata

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54
Q

Who is more medial to who

FG or FC

A

FG

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55
Q

DCML

the axons of the second order neurons (____fibers) sweep anteromedially around the____ and cross the median plane and decussate with corresponding fibers of opposite side

  • the fibers ascend as a single compact bundle called the____ lemniscus to the___ (3rd neuron) of____
  • from the VPN to the somesthetic area of the post central gyrus
A

internal arcuate

central gray matter

medial

VPN;thalamus

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56
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

  • pathway for information from the_____
  • axons of first order neurons from ___enter the spinal cord and terminate at the second order neurons in the_____ aka ____
  • the axons of the second order neurons ascend upwards through the_____ part of the _____ column of the___ side up to the____ then it joins the_____ and terminates at the_____
A

Unconscious muscle spindles ,tendons organs and joint receptors of the trunk and lower limbs

spinal root ganglion

nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column)

posterolateral part of the lateral white

same; medulla oblongata; inferior cerebellar peduncle; cerebellar cortex

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57
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract
doesn’t get to the thalamus or cerebral cortex
T/F

A

T

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58
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

because the nucleus dorsalis only extends from____ to ___,axons entering the spinal cord in the ___ or ____segments ascends in the ____column until it reaches the L3 or L4 segment and enter the Nucleus dorsalis

A

C8-L3 or L4

lower lumbar or sacral

posterior white

59
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar tract
-majority of the axons of the Second order neurons cross to the opposite side and ascend in the contralateral white column
T/F

A

T

60
Q

Spinotectal Tract

  • the axons of the first order neurons synapse in the____
  • the second order neurons arise from there and___ the medial plane and ascend in the_____ column to the_____ of _____
  • this pathway provides the afferent information for____ reflexes and bring about movement of the___ and ____ toward the source of the stimuli
A

posterior gray column

cross

anterolateral white

superior colliculus of the mid brain

spinovisual

eyes and head

61
Q

Spinoreticular Tract

  • the axons of the first order neurons synapse in the____
  • the second order neurons arise from there and ascend the spinal cord in the ____column mixed with the____ tract
A

posterior gray column

lateral white

lateral Spinothalamic

62
Q

most of the fibers of the spinoreticular formation are crossed or uncrossed ???

and terminate by synapsing with neurons of_____ in the _____

A

Uncrossed

reticular formation in the medulla oblongata

63
Q

Summary of Functions of Ascending tracts

  • lateral Spinothalamic tract:___ and ___sensations
  • anterior Spinothalamic tract:____,___,___
  • DCML:____,____,____
  • ________reach the cerebellum by way of the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts and the cuneocerebellar tract
  • ___,___and___information is passed to the superior colliculus of the midbrian through the spinotectal tract for the purpose of spinovisual reflexes
A

pain and thermal

crude touch and pressure

2 point discrimination;vibration, and proprioception

unconscious information from the muscles, joints, skin and subcutaneous tissue

pain, thermal, and tactile

64
Q

Summary of Functions of Ascending tracts

Spinoreticular tract:sensations from__,___,___ to the reticular formation
-Spinoolivary tract: An____ pathway for afferent to reach the_____

A

muscles, joints, and skin

indirect; cerebellum

65
Q

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

  • this tract is concerned with ___,___,____movement . Especially those of___ parts of the limb
  • the tract arises as axons of____ cells situated in the___ layer of the cerebral cortex
  • most of the fibers from____
  • 1/3 of the fibers arise from the_____
  • 1/3 of the fibers also come from the____
  • meaning most comes from____ gyrus and the rest is from___ gyrus
A 
voluntary, discrete, skilled 
distal
pyramidal
5th
area 4
secondary motor cortex(area 6)
parietal lobe (areas 3,1,2)

precentral; post central

66
Q

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

  • stimulation of different parts of the precentral gyrus produces movements of different parts of the____ side of the body
  • from their origin, the fibers cross the___,___ limb of_____,____ of midbrain ,____ of pons and then the____ of medulla
A

opposite

corona radiata; posterior limb of internal capsule; crux cerebi of midbrain; central part; pyramids

67
Q

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

  • about___% of fibers cross to the other side
  • the crossed fibers of the medulla enter the____ of the spinal cord and descend as the _____tract
  • the Corticospinal fibers that do not cross in the pyramids decussations enter the ___of the spinal cord to form the ____tract;on reaching the appropriate level of spinal cord, the fibers____ through the _____ to reach the___ matter on the___ side of the cord and continue in the same manners as lateral corticospinal tract
A

80; lateral funiculus; lateral Corticospinal

anterior funiculus ; anterior Corticospinal

cross the midline through the anterior white commissure; gray; opposite

68
Q

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

the corticospinal tract fibers terminate in the grey matter at various level of the spinal cord (lamina___ to___)
-the___ neurons covey this impulse to the__ horn cells

A

4

7

internuncial

ventral

69
Q

The neurons that give rise to the corticospinal tracts are called___ motor neurons

the ventral horn cells and their processes are called___ motor neurons

A

upper

lower

70
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

  • people at risk are___ between age____and____ and those in a____ occupation or lifestyle
  • spinal cord injuries in older patients is increasingly due to MVAs
A

young men

15 and 30

risk-taking

71
Q

SPINAL SHOCK
-this is the loss of sensation followed by _____with initial loss but gradual recovery of___ following a spinal cord injury (usually a____ )

A

motor paralysis

reflexes

complete transection

72
Q

reflexes below the level of injury are_____ (___reflexia) or___ (___reflexia) while those above the level of injury_____

A

depressed

Hypo

absent; a

remain unaffected

73
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SCIs

  • Mechanism of injury
  • flexion(bending__)
  • hyperextension(bending___)
  • rotation(either ___or____rotation)
  • compression (_______)
A

forward

backwards

flexion or extension

downward motion

74
Q

LESIONS OF SPINAL CORD

  • In a complete transection at or above C4 level, the patient__ due to____
  • if below C5, the result is_____(paralysis of____)
  • transection at thoracic level leads to____ (paralysis of____)
A

dies; paralysis of diaphragm

quadriplegia; both arms and legs

paraplegia; lower half of the body

75
Q

One commonality is both paraplegia and quadriplegia is?????

A

control of bladder is lost

76
Q

Types of Paralysis
(1)Hemiplegia:paralysis of______

(2)Monoplegia: paralysis of____

(3) Diplegia: paralysis of______
(4) paraplegia

(5) quadriplegia

A

one side of the body and includes the upper limb, one side of the trunk, and lower limb

one limb only
2 corresponding limbs (upper and lower limb)

77
Q

Lesions of pyramidal tracts

(1)Babinski sign:__ toe become _____while the__ toes___ in response to_____. The normal response should be_____

A

big ;dorsally flexed

other; fan out

scratching the skin alon the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot

plantar flexion of all the toes

78
Q

babinski sign is present in___ year of life because_____

A

first

the corticospinal tracts aren’t myelinated yet till the end of first year of life

79
Q

Lesions of pyramidal tracts

absence of superficial abdominal reflex :there should be___ of abdominal muscles when____

Abscence of cremasteric reflex: the cremasteric muscle should___ when_____

Loss of performance of fine-skilled voluntary movements

A

contraction
the abdominal skin is stroked

contact; the skin of the inner medial thigh is stroked

80
Q

LESIONS OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
-severe paralysis with ___muscular atrophy except due to disuse

-clasp-knife reaction: when passive movement of a joint is attempted there is___ due to____ of the muscles.The muscles, on stretching ,give way to______

A

little or no

resistance; spasticity

neurotendinous organ-mediated inhibition

81
Q 
LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION
\_\_\_\_\_ paralysis 
_Atrophy
_Loss of reflexes
_Muscular\_\_\_\_ :\_\_\_\_ of muscles 
_Muscular\_\_\_\_:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscle
A

flaccid

fasciculation; twitching

contracture; shortening of the paralyzed

82
Q

ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME

  • ____of the anterior spinal cord, usually a___ injury
  • sudden complete motor paralysis at lesion and below
  • __creased sensation(including___) and loss of____ sensation below site
  • ____ and _____remain intact
A

compression

flexion

decreased; pain

temperature

touch , position vibration and motion

83
Q

Central cord syndrome may be caused by___

ventral cord syndrome can be caused by ____

A

syringomyelia

poliomyelitis

84
Q

Brown - sequard Syndrome

  • damage to______
  • caused by___ trauma or_____,____ or destruction of a blood vessel , or infectious or inflammatory diseases like___or ____, a spinal cord tumor,trauma(like a puncture wound to the neck or back)
A

one-half of the cord on either side

penetrating

ruptured disc

ischemia

tuberculosis, MS

85
Q

the SCI symptoms that would occur in brown-sequard syndrome is

  • _____on___ side of the body
  • _____ on the_____ side
A

weakness or paralysis(hemiparalegia)

one

loss of sensation (hemianaesthesia); opposite

86
Q

_____ arteries supply the internal capsule

A

Lenticulostriate

87
Q

Lesion of motor pathway below the pyramidal decussation would affect the ____lateral side

A

Contralateral

88
Q

Lesion at corona radiata or internal capsule could lead to patient presenting with APHASIA which is the \_______
T/F

A

T

Inability to understand language (spoken or written)

89
Q

Symptoms of someone with a cerebrovascular accident is
FAST
What do they stand for

A

F-facial assymetry
A- arms are no longer moving
S-slurred speech
T-act on time

90
Q

Difference between fasciculation and fibrillation of a muscle

A

Fasciculus-whole muscle

Fibrillation-individual muscle

Both involves twitching

91
Q

Fibrillations can be visible seen

T/F

A

F

Fibrillations are too small to be seen as a visible muscle contraction

92
Q

Upper motor neuron disorders produce a___ weakness of movement (____), which differs from the complete loss of muscle activity caused by paralysis (___).

A

graded

paresis

plegia

93
Q

Fasciculation and fibrillations also occur in upper motor lesions
T/F

A

F

94
Q

Epidural space – space between the____ and the______ filled with____ and a network of___

A

vertebrae

dura mater

fat; veins

95
Q

Denticulate ligaments – delicate shelves of______ that attach the_____ to _____

A

pia mater

spinal cord to the vertebrae

96
Q

Cauda equina – collection of_____ at the____ end of the____

A

nerve roots

inferior

vertebral canal

97
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form______

A

spinal nerves

98
Q

Most white matter pathways exhibit somatotopy

T/F

A

T

99
Q

The spinocerebellar tracts contribute to sensory perception

T/F

A

F

They do not

100
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

Specific or non-specific pathway

A

Non specific

101
Q

DCML pathway

Specific or non-specific pathway

A

Specific

102
Q

In Spastic paralysis, There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles

T/F

A

F

103
Q

In Flaccid paralysis There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles

T/F

A

T

104
Q

Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions_____ to the cut

A

inferior

105
Q

Paraplegia – transection between___ and ___

Quadriplegia – transection in the____ region

A

T1 and L1

cervical

106
Q

In poliomyelitis

There is Destruction of the_____ neurons by the poliovirus

A

anterior horn motor

107
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease – neuromuscular condition involving destruction of _____neurons and fibers of the______ tract

A

anterior horn motor

pyramidal

108
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

  • Death occurs within____ years
  • Linked to malfunctioning genes for____ and/or superoxide dismutase
A

five

glutamate transporter

109
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Symptoms include loss of the ability to speak, swallow but the person can breathe

T/F

A

F

Can’t breathe too

110
Q

CNS is established during the___ month of development

A

first

111
Q

Gender-specific areas appear in response to_____ (or lack thereof)

A

testosterone

112
Q

Maternal exposure to radiation, drugs (e.g., alcohol and opiates), or infection can harm the mother but not the fetus
T/F

A

F

Harms both

113
Q

Smoking decreases___ in the blood, which can lead to____ and fetal brain damage

A

oxygen

neuron death

114
Q

The____ of the diencephalon is one of the last areas of the CNS to develop

A

hypothalamus

115
Q

Visual cortex develops( slowly or rapidly?) over the first____

A

Slowly

11 weeks

116
Q

Age brings some cognitive declines, but these are not significant in healthy individuals until they reach their____

A

80s

117
Q

Excessive use of alcohol causes signs of_____ unrelated to the aging process

A

senility

118
Q

Secondary fibers of lateral spinothalamic tract are joined in brainstem by fibers of the_____ tract

A

trigeminothalamic

119
Q

Tertiary fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract are also called_____ fibers and synapse in postcentral gyrus:

A

corticopetal

120
Q

Tertiary fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract form part of internal capsule.

T/F

A

T

121
Q

Medial Lemniscus System

Also called ____system.

A

posterior column

122
Q

fasciculus cuneatus Also conveys proprioceptive sensation from legs to cerebellum.

T/F

A

F

Arms

123
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Originates in ____ and _____ region

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Originates in_____ and _____

A

thoracic and upper lumbar

lower trunk and lower limbs

124
Q 
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Consists of (crossed or uncrossed?) fibers that enter cerebellum through\_\_\_\_ cerebellar peduncles.
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Consists of (crossed or uncrossed?) fibers that\_\_\_ in\_\_\_ and enter cerebellum through\_\_\_\_ cerebellar peduncles.
A

Uncrossed; inferior

Crossed; recross; pons; superior

125
Q

Both anterior and Posterior spinocerebellar tract Transmits ipsilateral proprioceptive information to cerebellum.

T/F

A

T

126
Q

Muscle spindles are contractile where?

At the ends of in the center

A

At the ends

127
Q

Gamma neurons are modulated by _____ fibers in the spinal cord

Ascending or descending

A

Descending

128
Q

Golgi tendon organs

Encapsulated or non encapsulated

A

Encapsulated

129
Q

there are weak and strong action potentials

T/F

A

F

130
Q

Changing a sensory stimulus into an action potential is called____

A

transduction

131
Q

Lesion at anterior whit column of SC, which descending tracts would be affected

Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Olivospinal
Vestibulospoinal
Cerebrospinal
A 
T
F
T
T
F
132
Q

INNERVATION of the cornea is by why nerve?

A

Opthalamic nerve

133
Q

In myeloschisis, spinal cord is open as neural tube fails to form

T/F

A

T

134
Q

Cystic swellings occur most in ___ and ____ regions of spinal cord

A

Thoracic and lumbar

135
Q

During development of spinal cord:

  • all neurone and glialcells are derived from ventricular zone or ependymal layer
  • the marginal zone is located between the neuroepithelial and mantle zones
  • the mantle layers give rise to the white matte rod spinal cord
  • sulcus limitans is a vertical groove that’s seperating roof plate from floor plate
  • enlargement of alar plate is responsible for producing the anterior median fissure
A 
T
F
F
T
F
136
Q

Neuroectoderm differentiates between day 22-23 of embryonic life

T/F

A

T

137
Q

Anterior Neuropore closes on day ___

Posterior Neuropore closes on day ___

A

26

28

138
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus ends in cervical spinal cord

T/F

A

T

139
Q

The extra pyramidal system have uncrossed tracts

T/F

If T, list them

A

T

Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal

140
Q

Glial cells found primarily in the marginal zone of spinal cord is ____

A

Oligodendrocytes

141
Q

Inferior petrosal sinus connects cavernous sinus to ____

A

Internal jugular vein

142
Q

____ artery is likely to be cut in a tracheostomy from the front

A

Thyroidae ima artery

143
Q

Middle meningeal artery pass through the foramen spinosum

T/F

A

T

144
Q

Only cranial nerve to emerge from the posterior part of brain stem is __?

A

Trochlear nerve

Ana 203 Part B (15 decks)

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