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Ana 203 Part B > Intro to Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

-nerve tissue develops from embryonic ——derm

A

ecto

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2
Q

BRAIN :

  • four principal parts
  • ____
  • _____
  • _____
  • ______
  • SPINAL CORD
  • continuation of____
  • continues from base of skull to—— vertebrae
A

cerebrum

diencephalon

brain stem

cerebellum

brain stem

1st lumbar

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3
Q

cranial nerves
-___pairs
spinal nerves
-____pairs

A

12

31

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4
Q

In Somatic NS,

motor neurons carry impulses away from CNS to——-

In autonomic NS,

motor neurons carry impulses from CNS to——,——-, and——

A

skeletal muscles

smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands

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5
Q

Protection and Coverings of the Brain

  • bones of——
  • ____ fluid
  • connective tissue membranes called——
  • ____for the spinal cord
A

cranium

cerebrospinal

meninges

vertebral column

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6
Q

CSF

  • formed by—— and—— from networks of——- called———
  • acts as——— medium
  • protects brain from banging against——
A

filtration; secretion; capillaries

choroid plexuses

Shock absorbing

inner walls of cranium

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7
Q

CP is located in ———of the brain and also form——- barrier

A

The 4 ventricles

blood-CSF

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8
Q

CSF is milky, whitish liquid.

T/F

A

Clear,colorless

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9
Q

List the ventricles of the Brain

A

rt and lt ventricle, 3rd and 4th

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10
Q

CSF contains——,——,——-,—-, cations, anions, and——

A

glucose, proteins; lactic acid; urea

lymphocytes

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11
Q

CSF is a medium for exchange of—— and——- between—— and nervous tissue

A

nutrients

waste products

blood

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12
Q

CSF

  • significant changes in composition can indicate disease conditions like——-,——,——
  • if drainage of CSF is obstructed, excessive pressure on the brain will cause——
A

meningitis; tumors; multiple sclerosis.

hydrocephalus

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13
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

  • ____certain substances to____ but—— others
  • formed by tightly adherent cell connections
  • ____cells, ——-,——- cells, and——.
A

permits; enter the fluid; prohibits

endothelial

astrocyte end-feet

microglial

pericytes

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14
Q

Blood brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances.
T/F

A

T

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15
Q

Meninges

  • Three connective tissue membranes:
  • _____
  • _____
  • _____
A

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

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16
Q

Meninges are delicate.

T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Meninges envelop brain but not spinal cord

T/F

A

F.envelop brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Dura Mater

  • outermost layer
  • feels ——-
  • located next to——-
  • separated from arachnoid by——- space which is——-

Has 2 parts: —- layer and —- layer

A

leathery

bony inner surface of cranium

subdural

fluid filled

Periosteal
Meningeal

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19
Q

Arachnoid

  • looks like a——-
  • Two components:
  • layer next to the—— space
  • system of supporting fibers (trabeculae) forming___-like structure between arachnoid and pia mater
A

cobweb

subdural

web

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20
Q

Pia Mater

  • innermost
  • ___layer of loose connective tissue
  • between pia mater and nerve tissue is a thin layer of ———firmly attached to pia mater
A

thin

neuroglial processes

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21
Q

What color is the pia matter

A

transparent

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22
Q

Meningitis

  • is the——- of meninges
  • serious threat to brain
  • bacterial and viral meningitis can spread to ——-of CNS
A

inflammation

nervous tissue

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23
Q

—— layer of the meninges of the Brain contains many blood vessels

A

Pia matter

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24
Q

Cerebrum

  • obscures most of——
  • looks like——
  • made up of 2 deeply grooved hemispheres - left and right
  • Surface is covered by:
  • ____-____ or____
  • ____-____ or convolutions which serve as landmarks
  • outer layer of—— matter is cerebral cortex made up of lobes composed of—— and ——of neurons
  • interior is composed of—— matter
A

brain stem

mushroom cap

grooves; fissures; sulci

ridges; gyri

gray; dendrites; cell body

white

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25
Q

Largest component of the brain is the ——-?

A

Cerebral cortex

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26
Q

White matte are nerve fibers arranged in bundles called _____

A

tracts

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27
Q

LEFT HEMISPHERE
More important for:
-____-hand control

Right Hemisphere
More important for:
-____-hand control

A

right

left

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28
Q

numerical and scientific skills is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Left

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29
Q

Reasoning is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Left

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30
Q

Space and pattern perception is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Right

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31
Q

Spoken language skill is controlled by —— hemisphere

While written language skills is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Left

Left

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32
Q

musical and artistic awareness

Is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Right

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33
Q

Insight Is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Right

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34
Q

Imagination Is controlled by —— hemisphere

A

Right

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35
Q

Lobes

  • each hemisphere is subdivided into—— lobes
  • named according to —— that——-
  • more precisely defined by surface landmarks, i.e., sulci and fissures
A

4

cranial bone; covers them

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36
Q

List the lobes in an hemisphere

A

parietal lobe

  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • frontal lobe
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37
Q

White Matter of the Brain

  • underlying the——
  • whitish appearance is due to——
  • consists of —-linated axons extending in three principal directions
  • ——- fibers:
  • ——- fibers:
  • ——— fibers:
A

cortex

fatty component of myelin

mye

association; commissural; projection

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38
Q
  • association fibers of white matter of the brain
  • long: connect——- in —-hemispheres
  • Short: connect—— in—— hemispheres
A

lobes; the same

gyrus; the same

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39
Q

commissural fibers of white matter of the brain

  • connect——-
  • 4 types
  • largest is ——
  • anterior : connects the ____
  • post:connects the ———
  • ______
A

hemispheres

corpus callosum

2 temporal lobes

language processing centers

habenula

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40
Q

projection fibers of white matter of the brain
2 major examples are:
-_____
-_____

A

corona radiata

tracts

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41
Q

2 major Gray Matter structures in the brain are :?

  • ———-
  • ———-
A 
Basal Nuclei (ganglia)
cerebral cortex
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42
Q

layer of gray matter of cerebral cortex is approximately —-mm thick

  • has—- distinct layers:
  • divided into—- areas based on function
A

3
6

3

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43
Q

List the layers of the cerebral cortex

A 
Molecular (plexiform) layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform (fusiform) layer.
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44
Q 
Cerebral Cortex
divided into three main areas based on function
——area
——area 
——— area
A

sensory

motor

association

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45
Q

General Sensory Area is located on the—— on the—- lobe

A

postcentral gryus

parietal

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46
Q

Primary Visual Area is located on the—- lobes

A

occipital

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47
Q

Primary Auditory Area is located on the—— lobes

A

temporal

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48
Q

Primary Gustatory Area is located at—- of——- on—— lobes

A

base

postcentral gryus

parietal

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49
Q

Primary Olfactory Area is located on—— lobe

A

temporal

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50
Q

Match with their broad man area

General sensory 
Primary gustatory
Primary visual
Primary auditory 
Secondary visual
A 
3,1,2
43
17
41,42
18
51
Q

Only some Motor Areas are located on frontal lobes.

T/F

A

F

52
Q

Primary Motor Area is located on ———of—— lobe

A

precentral gyrus ; frontal

53
Q

Motor Speech Area

  • aka——- Area
  • Coordinates complex muscular actions of the—— ,—— and——
  • located at junction of——,——, and——- lobes in——- cerebral hemispheres
A

Broca’s

mouth; tongue; larynx

temporal; parietal; frontal

only one

54
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere is Broca’s area usually found?

A

Left

55
Q

Match with their broad man area

Primary motor
Broca’s area

A

4

44

56
Q

Somatosensory Association Area stores memories of past sensations

T/F

A

T

57
Q

Visual Association Area is located in—— lobe

A

occipital

58
Q

Auditory Associations Area

  • aka——- area
  • interprets——–
  • determines type of——(—-,—-, and—-)
  • located——- in——- lobe
A

Wernick’s

Meaning of speech

sound; speech; music; noise

inferior to primary auditory area; temporal

59
Q

Broca’s area translates ——- to —— while weirnicke’s area translates —— to ——

A

Thoughts to speech

Speech to thoughts

60
Q

Gnostic Area

  • gnosis =——
  • integrates sensory interpretations from—— and impulses from —-so that a common thought can be formed
  • sends signals to other parts of the brain to cause appropriate response
A

knowledge

the association areas; other areas

61
Q

Premotor Area

  • ____to primary motor area
  • neurons from this area communicate with——, sensory associations areas in the—— lobe ,—— lobe, the——, and the——
  • concerned with learned motor activities of complex and sequential nature such as—- or playing the piano
A

anterior

primary motor cortex, frontal, parietal, basal ganglia, thalamus

writing

62
Q

Frontal Eye Field

  • in—— lobe
  • controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes such as searching for a word on a page of text or dictionary
A

frontal

63
Q

Match with their broadman area

Premotor

Supplemental motor

Somatosensory association

Visual association

Auditory association

Frontal eye field

A 
6
6
5
19
22
8
64
Q

Diencephalon
-consists primarily of the—- and the——-
-

A

thalamus hypothalamus

65
Q

Relation of the diencephalon to the brain stem

A

sits on top of brain stem

66
Q

Thalamus

  • ___ shaped structure
  • consists of paired masses of—- matter—- cm long (—inch long) organized into nuclei
  • form—— walls of—— ventricle
  • right and left halves are joined by bridge of—- matter called——
  • allows crude recognition of sensations; pain, temperature, or pressure
A

oval; gray

2.5; 1

lateral; third

gray; intermediate mass

67
Q

Hypothalamus

  • seperated from thalamus by——
  • located ——- the thalamus
  • Regulates:temperature, hunger, thirst, smell, fear, rage, sexual behavior, endocrine rhythm
A

hypothalamic sulcui

under

68
Q

Brain Stem has Three parts:——;—-;——

-____inches long

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

three

69
Q

Midbrain

  • ____cephalon
  • extends from—- to—-
  • about—- inch
  • involved with—— and—— stimuli
A

mesen

pons

diencephalon

one

visual; auditory

70
Q

——— is the single most important region of brain for maintaining homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

Pons

  • pons =——
  • directly above——
  • anterior to——-
  • about—- inch long
  • consists of—— matter with regions of —-matter scattered throughout
  • bridge connecting spinal cord with brain via ——and——- fibers
A

bridge; medulla

cerebellum

one

white; gray

transverse; longitudinal

72
Q

——— controls posterior and anterior pituitary secretions

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

Medulla Oblongata

  • merges with—— below
  • contains all—— and—— tracts that connect spinal cord and various parts of brain
  • contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting
A

spinal cord

ascending; descending

74
Q

Pons has no effect on respiration.

T/F

A

F

75
Q

Cerebellum

  • looks like a——
  • also called the ———-
  • located behind the—— and below ——of—-
  • controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth, coordinated movements and equilibrium
A

cauliflower

the automatic pilot

pons; occipital lobes; cerebrum

76
Q

Largest part of the brain is ——-

Second largest part of the brain is ——-

A

Cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

77
Q

Spinal Cord

  • continuation of—-
  • _____shaped
  • approximately—- inches long
  • ___inch in diameter
A

brain stem

cylindrically

17

1

78
Q

Spinal cord is protected by ——-,—-,a——, the—-

A

Meninges

CSF

layer of fatty tissue

vertebra column

79
Q

no possibility of spinal cord injury below——; making it the ideal site for———-

A

L4

removal of cerebral spinal fluid

80
Q

ACALLOSAL BRAIN/SYNDROME

  • lacking a——-
  • acallosal children and adults are very —— in tasks that require——-
A

corpus callosum

Clumsy

bi-manual cooperation.

81
Q

Gray matter consists of—— embedded in——- .

-White matter consists of ——embedded in——-

A

nerve cells ; neuroglia

nerve fibres ; neuroglia

82
Q

Gray matter is a Localized collection of nerve cell bodies- nucleus/ganglion

T/F

A

T

83
Q

Types of Astrocytes

A

Fibrous Astrocytes

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

84
Q

Astroglia - ___like and function in——- and connect—- with——-

A

star

nerve impulse

nerves

blood vessels

85
Q

SPINAL CORD MENINGES

  • most fishes have——
  • amphibians, reptiles , and birds have—- and an inner vascular layer called——
  • mammals have——
A

primitive meninx

dura matter; leptomeninx

dura, arachnoid, pia

86
Q

-Forebrain – ——-cephalon
-___cephalon -cerebrum
•___cephalon —hypothalamus

A

Prosen

Telen

Dien

87
Q

Thalamus

-Influences—- and—— as fear or rage

A

mood; actions

88
Q

Subthalamus

-Involved in controlling—- functions

A

motor

89
Q

Largest part of the diencephalon is——?

A

Thalamus

90
Q

Most sensory input projects to ——- of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

91
Q

—— forms the roof of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus

92
Q

—— contains —— gland that controls ———

A

Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Sleep-wake cycle

93
Q

Epithalamus contains —- and ——

A

Pineal gland

Parapineal nuclei

94
Q

Pineal gland is ——-receptive

A

Photo

95
Q

Basal nuclei

- control—- function

A

Motor

96
Q

Limbic system

-components are : the——,——(——+——) , and——

A

amygdala

hippocampus

dentate nucleus

fimbria

cingulate gyrus

97
Q

Basic survival functions of the limbic system include

——,——,——,——-

A

memory

reproduction

nutrition

Emotions

98
Q

Third ventricle

  • It is a__-like cavity formed in the—— between the——, in the midline between the ——-ventricles, and is filled with——
  • connects with—- of each hemisphere and serves as—- for cerebrospinal fluid
A

slit

diencephalon

two thalami

right and left lateral

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

ventricles

aquaduct

99
Q

Midbrain

Mesencephalon consists of ____ lobe, _____ lobe,———,——-

A

Optic and auditory
Tegmentum
Cerebral aqueduct

100
Q

In mid brain

(1) Optic lobes
- especially—- in birds and forms the—— of the midbrain=——
- _____in mammals
(2) Auditory lobes
- _____in mammals

A

large; roof; Tectum; superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

101
Q

Auditory lobes bulge on surface in fish

T/F

A

F

102
Q

In mid brain

(1) Tegmentum
- the—— part and—- of the midbrain
- thickened basal plate with motor neurons and continuous with——-
- involved in many ——-and—— pathways.
(2) Cerebral aqueduct
- aka——-
- constriction of——- behind—- lobes
- the structure within the—— that connects the—- ventricle to the——.
- It is located within the midbrain, surrounded by——— with the tectum of midbrain located—— and the tegmentum——.

A

ventral; floor

tegmentum of hind brain

subconscious homeostatic ; reflexive

aqueduct of Sylvius

midbrain ventricle; optic

brainstem; third; fourth

periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)

Posteriorly; anteriorly

103
Q

Hindbrain

  • aka——
    (1) Myelencephalon
  • aka——
  • the most—— region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the ——and—— ventricle develops.
    (2) Metencephalon
  • Tegmentum - connects—— with hindbrain
  • Pons - connects——-
A

Rhombencephalon

afterbrain; posterior; medulla oblongata ; fourth

halves of hindbrain

104
Q

Cerebellum size correlates with ———-

A

complexitity of motor activity

105
Q

CHOROID PLEXUS

  • Cavity with vascularization
  • formed by—— cells
  • Capillaries of the—— or—— constantly seep cerebrospinal fluid into it.
  • It supplies brain because——-
A

ependymal

pia mater; leptomeninx

circulation cannot penetrate the main tissue.

106
Q

Most of the 12 cranial nerves are found in the —-brain.

A

hind

107
Q

CSF

  • ______and other salts
  • Fills the—— and circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the———-space
  • Cushions the brain
A

Sodium chloride

ventricles

subarachnoid space

108
Q

Meningitis = infection of the———

A

meninges and CSF

109
Q

Surface Blood Vessels of the brain

-____,____, and——- cerebral arteries

A

Anterior; middle; posterior

110
Q

Stroke = sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of———

A

severe interruption of blood flow

111
Q

Third ventricle

-lies below the——- and——-, between the two—- and walls of——, and above the—— and——

A

corpus callosum; body of the lateral ventricles

thalami; hypothalamus

pituitary; midbrain

112
Q

fourth ventricle is a___-shaped cavity located posterior to the—- and——- and anterior-inferior to the——-.

A

diamond

pons; upper medulla oblongata

cerebellum

113
Q

Cranial Nerves

-__cranial nerves in anamniotes,___ in amniotes . Actually—- and—-, respectively.

A

10

12

11

13

114
Q

The extra cranial nerve that you didn’t know is ——??

A

Cranial nerve O- old branchiomeric nerve

115
Q

—— and ——- don’t have CN 11 and 12

A

Fishes and modern amphibians

116
Q

fossil amphibians have —- cranial nerves

A

All 12

117
Q

List the cranial nerves under the Sensory group and what they sense

A

O = Terminal - sensory but function poorly understood
I = Olfactory - sensory for olfaction
II = Optic - sensory for vision
VIII = Auditory or Vestibuloacoustic - sensory for hearing and balance (innervates semicircular canals)

118
Q

List the cranial nerves under the Somatic motor group and what the innervate

A

III = Oculomotor - motor to superior, inferior, and lateral rectus muscles of eye, and ANS fibers to iris and lens of eye.
IV = Trochlear - motor to superior oblique muscle of eye
VI = Abduscens - motor to external rectus muscle of eye and nictitating membrane muscles of nonmammalian vertebrates
XII= Hypoglossal - motor to hypobranchial muscles of neck region
XI= Spinal Accessory - nerve to trapezius, cleidomastoid,and sternomastoid muscles

119
Q

List the cranial nerves under the Mixed motor - sensory group and what they innervate

A

V = Trigeminus - motor nerve to muscles of mandibular arch, i.e., masseter, temporal, and digastric ;Sensory to skin of head, teeth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue

VII = Facial - mixed nerve to muscles of hyoid arch
Sensory to taste buds

IX = Glossopharyngeal - ANS motor to parotid salivary glands, 
Sensory from taste buds and lateral line system of fish

X = Vagus - Visceral motor and sensory to postcranial renal system
Sensory to skin of ear, lateral line system and gills of fish ;ANS fibers to heart and digestive tract

120
Q

Brain weight _____ in men which is about __% of total body weight

A

1400g

2%

121
Q

Brain needs ____ of the total cardiac output

__liters per hour

A

1/6th

42L

122
Q

Brain uses ___ of the total oxygen required

A

1/5th

123
Q

The cerebrum weighs about 59% or more of the total Brain weight
T/F

A

F

Just 600g=40%~

124
Q

During a lumbar puncture, list the layers that the needle needs to pass through

A

Skin

Subcutaneous tissue

Supraspinous ligament

Interspinous ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Epidural space

Dura matter

Arachnoid matter

Subarachnoid space

Ana 203 Part B (15 decks)

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