Intro to Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-nerve tissue develops from embryonic ——derm
ecto
BRAIN :
- four principal parts
- ____
- _____
- _____
- ______
- SPINAL CORD
- continuation of____
- continues from base of skull to—— vertebrae
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
brain stem
1st lumbar
cranial nerves
-___pairs
spinal nerves
-____pairs
12
31
In Somatic NS,
motor neurons carry impulses away from CNS to——-
In autonomic NS,
motor neurons carry impulses from CNS to——,——-, and——
skeletal muscles
smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands
Protection and Coverings of the Brain
- bones of——
- ____ fluid
- connective tissue membranes called——
- ____for the spinal cord
cranium
cerebrospinal
meninges
vertebral column
CSF
- formed by—— and—— from networks of——- called———
- acts as——— medium
- protects brain from banging against——
filtration; secretion; capillaries
choroid plexuses
Shock absorbing
inner walls of cranium
CP is located in ———of the brain and also form——- barrier
The 4 ventricles
blood-CSF
CSF is milky, whitish liquid.
T/F
Clear,colorless
List the ventricles of the Brain
rt and lt ventricle, 3rd and 4th
CSF contains——,——,——-,—-, cations, anions, and——
glucose, proteins; lactic acid; urea
lymphocytes
CSF is a medium for exchange of—— and——- between—— and nervous tissue
nutrients
waste products
blood
CSF
- significant changes in composition can indicate disease conditions like——-,——,——
- if drainage of CSF is obstructed, excessive pressure on the brain will cause——
meningitis; tumors; multiple sclerosis.
hydrocephalus
Blood-Brain Barrier
- ____certain substances to____ but—— others
- formed by tightly adherent cell connections
- ____cells, ——-,——- cells, and——.
permits; enter the fluid; prohibits
endothelial
astrocyte end-feet
microglial
pericytes
Blood brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances.
T/F
T
Meninges
- Three connective tissue membranes:
- _____
- _____
- _____
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
Meninges are delicate.
T/F
T
Meninges envelop brain but not spinal cord
T/F
F.envelop brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater
- outermost layer
- feels ——-
- located next to——-
- separated from arachnoid by——- space which is——-
Has 2 parts: —- layer and —- layer
leathery
bony inner surface of cranium
subdural
fluid filled
Periosteal
Meningeal
Arachnoid
- looks like a——-
- Two components:
- layer next to the—— space
- system of supporting fibers (trabeculae) forming___-like structure between arachnoid and pia mater
cobweb
subdural
web
Pia Mater
- innermost
- ___layer of loose connective tissue
- between pia mater and nerve tissue is a thin layer of ———firmly attached to pia mater
thin
neuroglial processes
What color is the pia matter
transparent
Meningitis
- is the——- of meninges
- serious threat to brain
- bacterial and viral meningitis can spread to ——-of CNS
inflammation
nervous tissue
—— layer of the meninges of the Brain contains many blood vessels
Pia matter
Cerebrum
- obscures most of——
- looks like——
- made up of 2 deeply grooved hemispheres - left and right
- Surface is covered by:
- ____-____ or____
- ____-____ or convolutions which serve as landmarks
- outer layer of—— matter is cerebral cortex made up of lobes composed of—— and ——of neurons
- interior is composed of—— matter
brain stem
mushroom cap
grooves; fissures; sulci
ridges; gyri
gray; dendrites; cell body
white
Largest component of the brain is the ——-?
Cerebral cortex
White matte are nerve fibers arranged in bundles called _____
tracts
LEFT HEMISPHERE
More important for:
-____-hand control
Right Hemisphere
More important for:
-____-hand control
right
left
numerical and scientific skills is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
Reasoning is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
Space and pattern perception is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
Spoken language skill is controlled by —— hemisphere
While written language skills is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
Left
musical and artistic awareness
Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
Insight Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
Imagination Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
Lobes
- each hemisphere is subdivided into—— lobes
- named according to —— that——-
- more precisely defined by surface landmarks, i.e., sulci and fissures
4
cranial bone; covers them
List the lobes in an hemisphere
parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- frontal lobe
White Matter of the Brain
- underlying the——
- whitish appearance is due to——
- consists of —-linated axons extending in three principal directions
- ——- fibers:
- ——- fibers:
- ——— fibers:
cortex
fatty component of myelin
mye
association; commissural; projection
- association fibers of white matter of the brain
- long: connect——- in —-hemispheres
- Short: connect—— in—— hemispheres
lobes; the same
gyrus; the same
commissural fibers of white matter of the brain
- connect——-
- 4 types
- largest is ——
- anterior : connects the ____
- post:connects the ———
- ______
hemispheres
corpus callosum
2 temporal lobes
language processing centers
habenula
projection fibers of white matter of the brain
2 major examples are:
-_____
-_____
corona radiata
tracts
2 major Gray Matter structures in the brain are :?
- ———-
- ———-
Basal Nuclei (ganglia) cerebral cortex
layer of gray matter of cerebral cortex is approximately —-mm thick
- has—- distinct layers:
- divided into—- areas based on function
3
6
3
List the layers of the cerebral cortex
Molecular (plexiform) layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer Internal granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Multiform (fusiform) layer.
Cerebral Cortex divided into three main areas based on function ——area ——area ——— area
sensory
motor
association
General Sensory Area is located on the—— on the—- lobe
postcentral gryus
parietal
Primary Visual Area is located on the—- lobes
occipital
Primary Auditory Area is located on the—— lobes
temporal
Primary Gustatory Area is located at—- of——- on—— lobes
base
postcentral gryus
parietal
Primary Olfactory Area is located on—— lobe
temporal
Match with their broad man area
General sensory Primary gustatory Primary visual Primary auditory Secondary visual
3,1,2 43 17 41,42 18
Only some Motor Areas are located on frontal lobes.
T/F
F
Primary Motor Area is located on ———of—— lobe
precentral gyrus ; frontal
Motor Speech Area
- aka——- Area
- Coordinates complex muscular actions of the—— ,—— and——
- located at junction of——,——, and——- lobes in——- cerebral hemispheres
Broca’s
mouth; tongue; larynx
temporal; parietal; frontal
only one
Which cerebral hemisphere is Broca’s area usually found?
Left
Match with their broad man area
Primary motor
Broca’s area
4
44
Somatosensory Association Area stores memories of past sensations
T/F
T
Visual Association Area is located in—— lobe
occipital
Auditory Associations Area
- aka——- area
- interprets——–
- determines type of——(—-,—-, and—-)
- located——- in——- lobe
Wernick’s
Meaning of speech
sound; speech; music; noise
inferior to primary auditory area; temporal
Broca’s area translates ——- to —— while weirnicke’s area translates —— to ——
Thoughts to speech
Speech to thoughts
Gnostic Area
- gnosis =——
- integrates sensory interpretations from—— and impulses from —-so that a common thought can be formed
- sends signals to other parts of the brain to cause appropriate response
knowledge
the association areas; other areas
Premotor Area
- ____to primary motor area
- neurons from this area communicate with——, sensory associations areas in the—— lobe ,—— lobe, the——, and the——
- concerned with learned motor activities of complex and sequential nature such as—- or playing the piano
anterior
primary motor cortex, frontal, parietal, basal ganglia, thalamus
writing
Frontal Eye Field
- in—— lobe
- controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes such as searching for a word on a page of text or dictionary
frontal
Match with their broadman area
Premotor
Supplemental motor
Somatosensory association
Visual association
Auditory association
Frontal eye field
6 6 5 19 22 8
Diencephalon
-consists primarily of the—- and the——-
-
thalamus hypothalamus
Relation of the diencephalon to the brain stem
sits on top of brain stem
Thalamus
- ___ shaped structure
- consists of paired masses of—- matter—- cm long (—inch long) organized into nuclei
- form—— walls of—— ventricle
- right and left halves are joined by bridge of—- matter called——
- allows crude recognition of sensations; pain, temperature, or pressure
oval; gray
2.5; 1
lateral; third
gray; intermediate mass
Hypothalamus
- seperated from thalamus by——
- located ——- the thalamus
- Regulates:temperature, hunger, thirst, smell, fear, rage, sexual behavior, endocrine rhythm
hypothalamic sulcui
under
Brain Stem has Three parts:——;—-;——
-____inches long
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
three
Midbrain
- ____cephalon
- extends from—- to—-
- about—- inch
- involved with—— and—— stimuli
mesen
pons
diencephalon
one
visual; auditory
——— is the single most important region of brain for maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Pons
- pons =——
- directly above——
- anterior to——-
- about—- inch long
- consists of—— matter with regions of —-matter scattered throughout
- bridge connecting spinal cord with brain via ——and——- fibers
bridge; medulla
cerebellum
one
white; gray
transverse; longitudinal
——— controls posterior and anterior pituitary secretions
Hypothalamus
Medulla Oblongata
- merges with—— below
- contains all—— and—— tracts that connect spinal cord and various parts of brain
- contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting
spinal cord
ascending; descending
Pons has no effect on respiration.
T/F
F
Cerebellum
- looks like a——
- also called the ———-
- located behind the—— and below ——of—-
- controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth, coordinated movements and equilibrium
cauliflower
the automatic pilot
pons; occipital lobes; cerebrum
Largest part of the brain is ——-
Second largest part of the brain is ——-
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
- continuation of—-
- _____shaped
- approximately—- inches long
- ___inch in diameter
brain stem
cylindrically
17
1
Spinal cord is protected by ——-,—-,a——, the—-
Meninges
CSF
layer of fatty tissue
vertebra column
no possibility of spinal cord injury below——; making it the ideal site for———-
L4
removal of cerebral spinal fluid
ACALLOSAL BRAIN/SYNDROME
- lacking a——-
- acallosal children and adults are very —— in tasks that require——-
corpus callosum
Clumsy
bi-manual cooperation.
Gray matter consists of—— embedded in——- .
-White matter consists of ——embedded in——-
nerve cells ; neuroglia
nerve fibres ; neuroglia
Gray matter is a Localized collection of nerve cell bodies- nucleus/ganglion
T/F
T
Types of Astrocytes
Fibrous Astrocytes
Protoplasmic Astrocytes
Astroglia - ___like and function in——- and connect—- with——-
star
nerve impulse
nerves
blood vessels
SPINAL CORD MENINGES
- most fishes have——
- amphibians, reptiles , and birds have—- and an inner vascular layer called——
- mammals have——
primitive meninx
dura matter; leptomeninx
dura, arachnoid, pia
-Forebrain – ——-cephalon
-___cephalon -cerebrum
•___cephalon —hypothalamus
Prosen
Telen
Dien
Thalamus
-Influences—- and—— as fear or rage
mood; actions
Subthalamus
-Involved in controlling—- functions
motor
Largest part of the diencephalon is——?
Thalamus
Most sensory input projects to ——- of the diencephalon
Thalamus
—— forms the roof of the diencephalon
Epithalamus
—— contains —— gland that controls ———
Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Sleep-wake cycle
Epithalamus contains —- and ——
Pineal gland
Parapineal nuclei
Pineal gland is ——-receptive
Photo
Basal nuclei
- control—- function
Motor
Limbic system
-components are : the——,——(——+——) , and——
amygdala
hippocampus
dentate nucleus
fimbria
cingulate gyrus
Basic survival functions of the limbic system include
——,——,——,——-
memory
reproduction
nutrition
Emotions
Third ventricle
- It is a__-like cavity formed in the—— between the——, in the midline between the ——-ventricles, and is filled with——
- connects with—- of each hemisphere and serves as—- for cerebrospinal fluid
slit
diencephalon
two thalami
right and left lateral
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
ventricles
aquaduct
Midbrain
Mesencephalon consists of ____ lobe, _____ lobe,———,——-
Optic and auditory
Tegmentum
Cerebral aqueduct
In mid brain
(1) Optic lobes
- especially—- in birds and forms the—— of the midbrain=——
- _____in mammals
(2) Auditory lobes
- _____in mammals
large; roof; Tectum; superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
Auditory lobes bulge on surface in fish
T/F
F
In mid brain
(1) Tegmentum
- the—— part and—- of the midbrain
- thickened basal plate with motor neurons and continuous with——-
- involved in many ——-and—— pathways.
(2) Cerebral aqueduct
- aka——-
- constriction of——- behind—- lobes
- the structure within the—— that connects the—- ventricle to the——.
- It is located within the midbrain, surrounded by——— with the tectum of midbrain located—— and the tegmentum——.
ventral; floor
tegmentum of hind brain
subconscious homeostatic ; reflexive
aqueduct of Sylvius
midbrain ventricle; optic
brainstem; third; fourth
periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
Posteriorly; anteriorly
Hindbrain
- aka——
(1) Myelencephalon - aka——
- the most—— region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the ——and—— ventricle develops.
(2) Metencephalon - Tegmentum - connects—— with hindbrain
- Pons - connects——-
Rhombencephalon
afterbrain; posterior; medulla oblongata ; fourth
halves of hindbrain
Cerebellum size correlates with ———-
complexitity of motor activity
CHOROID PLEXUS
- Cavity with vascularization
- formed by—— cells
- Capillaries of the—— or—— constantly seep cerebrospinal fluid into it.
- It supplies brain because——-
ependymal
pia mater; leptomeninx
circulation cannot penetrate the main tissue.
Most of the 12 cranial nerves are found in the —-brain.
hind
CSF
- ______and other salts
- Fills the—— and circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the———-space
- Cushions the brain
Sodium chloride
ventricles
subarachnoid space
Meningitis = infection of the———
meninges and CSF
Surface Blood Vessels of the brain
-____,____, and——- cerebral arteries
Anterior; middle; posterior
Stroke = sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of———
severe interruption of blood flow
Third ventricle
-lies below the——- and——-, between the two—- and walls of——, and above the—— and——
corpus callosum; body of the lateral ventricles
thalami; hypothalamus
pituitary; midbrain
fourth ventricle is a___-shaped cavity located posterior to the—- and——- and anterior-inferior to the——-.
diamond
pons; upper medulla oblongata
cerebellum
Cranial Nerves
-__cranial nerves in anamniotes,___ in amniotes . Actually—- and—-, respectively.
10
12
11
13
The extra cranial nerve that you didn’t know is ——??
Cranial nerve O- old branchiomeric nerve
—— and ——- don’t have CN 11 and 12
Fishes and modern amphibians
fossil amphibians have —- cranial nerves
All 12
List the cranial nerves under the Sensory group and what they sense
O = Terminal - sensory but function poorly understood
I = Olfactory - sensory for olfaction
II = Optic - sensory for vision
VIII = Auditory or Vestibuloacoustic - sensory for hearing and balance (innervates semicircular canals)
List the cranial nerves under the Somatic motor group and what the innervate
III = Oculomotor - motor to superior, inferior, and lateral rectus muscles of eye, and ANS fibers to iris and lens of eye.
IV = Trochlear - motor to superior oblique muscle of eye
VI = Abduscens - motor to external rectus muscle of eye and nictitating membrane muscles of nonmammalian vertebrates
XII= Hypoglossal - motor to hypobranchial muscles of neck region
XI= Spinal Accessory - nerve to trapezius, cleidomastoid,and sternomastoid muscles
List the cranial nerves under the Mixed motor - sensory group and what they innervate
V = Trigeminus - motor nerve to muscles of mandibular arch, i.e., masseter, temporal, and digastric ;Sensory to skin of head, teeth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue
VII = Facial - mixed nerve to muscles of hyoid arch Sensory to taste buds
IX = Glossopharyngeal - ANS motor to parotid salivary glands, Sensory from taste buds and lateral line system of fish
X = Vagus - Visceral motor and sensory to postcranial renal system Sensory to skin of ear, lateral line system and gills of fish ;ANS fibers to heart and digestive tract
Brain weight _____ in men which is about __% of total body weight
1400g
2%
Brain needs ____ of the total cardiac output
__liters per hour
1/6th
42L
Brain uses ___ of the total oxygen required
1/5th
The cerebrum weighs about 59% or more of the total Brain weight
T/F
F
Just 600g=40%~
During a lumbar puncture, list the layers that the needle needs to pass through
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Subarachnoid space
