Diencephalon Flashcards
DIENCEPHALON
- diencephalon is the part of the brain between the____ above and___ below.
- It extends transversely from the_____ to _____
- The____ sulcus divides the diencephalon into two parts:a dorsal part (pars dorsalis) and a ventral part (pars ventralis).
cerebrum ;midbrain
interventricular foramen; posterior commissure.
hypothalamic
DIENCEPHALON
Pars dorsalis consists of the____,____,and____
- Pars ventralis consists of the _____and____
- The cavity of the diencephalon is the ____
thalamus, metathalamus, and epithalamus
hypothalamus and subthalamus
third ventricle.
The subthalamic nucleus is included with the___ nuclei to which it is closely related ____ally.
basal
function
THALAMUS
- Is the main sensory relay station on the pathway of all sensations (except ____) to the cerebral cortex.
- Anatomically, the thalamus (or____ thalamus) is a large __-shaped mass of grey matter that lies immediately ___ to the third ventricle
- __ends;__ surfaces
Smell
dorsal
egg
lateral
2;4
THALAMUS
The anterior end (or pole) is (narrow or wide?) and forms the____ boundary of interventricular foramen.
-The posterior end (or pole) is (narrower or broader?) and is called the ____. It lies just above and lateral to the_______.
Narrow
posterior
Broader
pulvinar
superior colliculus
THALAMUS
The pulvinar is separated from the geniculate bodies by the ______
- The medial surface forms the greater part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is lined by_____.
- The medial surfaces of the two thalami are usually connected by a mass of __ matter called the______ (aka ______)
- Inferiorly, the medial surface of thalamus is separated from the hypothalamus by the ______
brachium of the superior colliculus.
ependyma
grey; interthalamic adhesion
connexus interthalamicus
hypothalamic sulcus.
THALAMUS
The hypothalamic sulcus runs from the ______ to _____
- The _____ surface of the thalamus is related to the internal capsule, which separates it from the _____
- This ___ surface itself is separated from internal capsule by the______ of thalamus and the________
interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct
lateral; lentiform nucleus
lateral; reticular nucleus; external medullary lamina
THALAMUS
The superior (or dorsal) surface of the thalamus is related laterally to the \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_, from which it is separated by\_\_\_\_\_ groove. -A bundle of efferent nerve fibres from amygdala called the \_\_\_\_\_, and the ——— lie in this groove.
body of caudate nucleus
thalamocaudate
stria terminalis; thalamostriate vein
The lateral part of superior surface of thalamus and the body of caudate nucleus together form the ____ of the ___ part of the lateral ventricle
- The medial part of the superior surface of the thalamus is, however, separated from the ventricle by the____ and by a fold of pia mater called the ______
floor
central
fornix
tela choroidea.
The inferior surface of the thalamus is related to the hypothalamus and the ——- thalamus.
ventral
The ventral thalamus separates the thalamus from the —— of the midbrain.
tegmentum
At the junction of the medial and superior surfaces of the thalamus, the ependyma of the third ventricle is reflected from the lateral wall to the roof. The line of reflection is marked by a line called the ______. Underlying it there is a narrow bundle of fibres called the_______
taenia thalami
stria medullaris thalami (stria habenularis)
The superior surface of thalamus is covered by a thin layer of white matter called the _____ and its lateral surface, by a similar layer called the _____. Internally a ‘_’ shaped bundle of white matter called _____ divides the grey matter of thalamus into three major groups of nuclei:_____,____,and_____
stratum zonale
external medullary lamina
Y; internal medullary lamina
anterior, medial and lateral
Grey matter of thalamus
-Nuclei in the Anterior Part The group of nuclei in this part is collectively referred to as the anterior nucleus and is predominantly ____ in function.
limbic
Nuclei in the Medial Part of the thalamus
- The largest of these is the ______. It is divisible into a _____ part (anteromedial) and a _____ part (posterolateral). This nucleus is_____ in connections and functions.
medial dorsal nucleus
magnocellular
parvocellular
limbic
The reticular nucleus on the___ aspect of thalamus (___tory, ___ergic neurons
lateral
inhibi; GABA
Reticular nuclei of the thalamus
Specific or non specific function
Non specific
Nuclei in the Lateral Part of the thalamus:ventral group and a dorsal group: The nuclei in the ventral group are as follows (in anteroposterior order):
- ____ nucleus
- _____nucleus (also called the ____ nucleus)
- _____ nucleus, which is further subdivided into the ____ nucleus, and the _____nucleus.
Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral ; ventral intermediate
Ventral posterior; ventral posterolateral
ventral posteromedial
While ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are important for___ integration, ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral nuclei play an important role in ___ integration.
motor
sensory
The nuclei of the dorsal group(______group) of the thalamus are as follows (in anteroposterior order): •____ nucleus
•_____ nucleus
•_____
-
sensory modulator
Lateral dorsal
Lateral posterior
Pulvinar
The intralaminar nuclei are embedded within the______
internal medullary lamina
The ____ nuclei of the thalamus consist of scattered cells that lie between the medial part of the thalamus and the ependyma of 3rd ventricle
midline
Papez circuit is for_____ memory
emotional episodic
Dorsomedial nucleus:
- involved in ___ memory,___,____
- takes 3 dicks in: from____,___,and_____
- sends the cum to_____
emotional
motivation, and drive
olfactory cortex,amygdala, and hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
korsakoff’s syndrome can affect Dorsomedial nucleus
T/F
T
Important nuclei in the Metathalamus?
Medial and lateral geniculate bodies
Important nuclei in the Subthalamus?
Subthalamic, Zona incerta
VPM of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______
Trigeminothalamic;solitariothalamic
Area 3,1,2
VPL of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______
DCML;Spinothalamic
Area 3,1,2
VAN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______
Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN
Area 6
VLN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____,____,and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______
Dentate nuclei of cerebellum
Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN
Area 4
Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______
Mammillary body
Cingulate gyrus
Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus relays fibers to the _____
Prefrontal
Cortex
Pulvinar of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,____, ____ and sends it to the ______
Geniculate bodies,superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
Association areas of parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
Medial geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______
Brachium OF IC
Auditory cortex
Lateral geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______
Optic tract
Visual cortex
Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,and ____and sends it to the ______
Mamillothalamic;hippocampus
Cingulate gyrus
Lateral dorsal and Lateral posterior of the thalamus receive fibers from the ____ and ___ respectively and relays it to the ____ and ___ respectively
Hippocampus ; parietal lobe
Cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe
Clinical significance
Ablation of the posterior part of____ nucleus can reduce tremors in parkinsonism because this nucleus receives inputs from_____
ventral lateral
corpus striatum
HYPOTHALAMUS
- lies below the thalamus and is separated from it by the _____
- parts of hypothalamus are located in the ____ fossa and they form the____ of third ventricle.
- On the medial side, it forms the____ of the third ventricle below the level of the hypothalamic sulcus.
hypothalamic sulcus.
interpeduncular
floor
lateral wall
Most part of hypothalamus is hidden
T/F
T
Boundaries of Hypothalamus
- Laterally, it is in contact with the_____, and (in the posterior part) with the_____
- Posteriorly, the hypothalamus merges with the______ and through it, with the____ of the midbrain.
- Anteriorly, it extends up to the____, and merges with certain___ structures in the region of the ____ perforated substance.
internal capsule
ventral thalamus (subthalamus)
ventral thalamus
tegmentum
lamina terminalis; olfactory; anterior
Inferiorly, the hypothalamus forms structures in the____ of the third ventricle. These are the_____,___,and_____
floor
tuber cinereum, the infundibulum, and the mamillary bodies.
Subdivisions of Hypothalamus from medial to lateral side: -\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_
Periventricular
Intermediate
Lateral
The periventricular and intermediate zones of Hypothalamus are often described collectively as the _____ zone.
medial
The______ of the _____ lies between the medial and lateral zones of Hypothalamus . mamillothalamic tract and the fasciculus retroflexus also lie in this plane.
column of the fornix
From front To back of the hypothalamus
- The_____ region
- The_____ (or______) region
- The____ (or______) region
- The_____ (or_____) region
preoptic
supraoptic; chiasmatic
tuberal; infundibulotuberal
mamillary; posterior
From front To back of the hypothalamus
- The preoptic region adjoins the_____ and is anterior to the_____
- The supraoptic region lies above the____
- The tuberal region includes the ___, the _____, and the region above it.
- The mamillary region consists of the_____ and the region above them
lamina terminalis; optic chiasma.
optic chiasma
infundibulum; tuber cinereum
mamillary bodies
Mention the nucleus in the medial side
preoptic
supraoptic
tuberal
mamillary
Medial preoptic nucleus
Supraoptic, anterior hypothalamic,suprachiasmatic,paraventricular
Arcuate nucleus, ventromedial and Dorsomedial
Mammillary bodies ;posterior hypothalamic
Main nucleus in the lateral zone of the hypothalamus is ——-?
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
Mammillary bodies: involved with_____ memory and reflex memory associated with____
episodic
smell
Fornix connects _____ to hypothalamus in _____ function
Hippocampal formation
Papez circuit for recent memory
Amygdaloid nucleus connects to hypothalamus by _____ and _____ tracts
Stria terminalis Ventral and amygdalofugal pathway
______ and _____fibers from Locus coeruleus and Raphe nucleus respectively to hypothalamus for _____ function
Noradrenergic fibres Serotoninergic fibres
Circadian rhythm
Retina connects to the hypothalamus by ______ fibers for ____ purpose
Retinohypothalamic fibers
Circadian rhythm
____from lateral hypothalamic nuclei stimulates_____
Orexins
hunger
Arcuate nucleus acts on ____ and_____ nuclei
LHN
VMN
From ____ and ____ nuclei hypothalamus to Posterior pituitary by ____ and ____ tracts to release _____ and ____ respectively
PVN and Supraoptic
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
Supraopticohypophyseal tract
Release of oxytocin
Release of ADH
From _____ of hypothalamus to Anterior nucleus of the thalamus by _____ tract for _____ function
Mamillary bodies
Mamillothalamic tract
Papez
From _____ of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland by ______ for _____ function
Arcuate nucleus
Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Release of GHRH, PIH, TRH, CRH and GnRH
From _______ of hypothalamus to L1-L2 of spinal cord by ______ tract for ____ function
Posterior hypothalamic nuclei
Hypothalamospinal tract
Autonomic
From _____ of hypothalamus to parasympathetic nuclei by ______ tract for ____ function
Anterior hypothalamic nuclei
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Parasympathetic function
Control of Autonomic Activity by hypothalamus
(A)anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends ____ nerves to
-_______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-pregang___ neurons at ____ vertebrae
*receives fibers from_____ about—— and cvs stuff
Parasympathetic
edinger westphal ;3
superior salivatory;7
inferior salivatory;9
dorsal nuclei of vagus;10
psns; S2-S4
NTS;taste
Posterior hypothalamic nuclei sends fibers to the reticular formation
T/F
F
It’s anterior that does it
Stimulation of medial areas of the hypothalamus produces sensations of pleasure, while stimulation of lateral areas produces pain or other unpleasant effects.
T/F
F
Apparently, medial is pain; lateral is pleasure
Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus
(a) by arcuate nucleus:
- releases hormones in a portal that acts on the____ pituitary
- releases both____ hormones and____ hormones
List them
anterior
releasing; inhibitory
GRH and GIH
CRH and CIH
TRH and TIH
PIH
Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus
(a)by arcuate nucleus:
release GRH and GIH in AP that would modulate production of____ hormone
- release CRH and CIH in AP that would modulate production of____
- release PIH in AP that would modulate production of_____
- release TRH and TIH in AP that would modulate production of____
growth
ACTH
prolactin
TSH
Prolactin inhibitory hormone is basically_____
dopamine
Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus
By MPON
List them
GnRH and GnIH
Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus
MPON:
-release GnRH and GnIH in AP that would modulate production of ____ and ____ that control _____ and ____production in females respectively and______ and ____ production in males respectively
FSH and LH
estrogen and progesterone
sperm production and testosterone
circadian rhythms are believed to be controlled by the____, which is said to function as a_____. The_____ nucleus is believed to play an important role in this regard.It receives afferent from the eye through______ tract and sends efferent to_____.
hypothalamus
biological clock
suprachiasmatic
retinahypothalamic
pineal gland
Lesions of the hypothalamus disturb the sleep-waking cycle.
T/F
T
_____ nucleus of the hypothalamus is known as sexually dimporphic
Medial pre optic nucleus
______ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-loss and ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-rise
Anterior nucleus
Posterior nucleus
Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hypothermia
Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hyperthermia
Posterior
Anterior
Lesion at MPON leads to insatiable libido
T/F
F
Causes loss of libido
Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes anorexia
Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes obesity
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei
Lesions of mamillary body of Hypothalamus causes_____
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Lesions of Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause ______
Diabetes insipidus
Kleine-Levin syndrome: Lesions of___ part of hypothalamus causes problems in satiety resulting in periods of somnolence followed by hyperphagia
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADDH): Lesions of _____ nucleus results in improper ADH secretion and diabetes insipidus
medial
supraoptic
EPITHALAMUS
- The epithalamus lies in relation to the _____ part of the roof of the third ventricle and in the adjoining part of its lateral wall.
- The structures included in the epithalamus are as follows:
- ______ body
- ______ nuclei—medial and lateral
- Stria_____ (stria_____) and ____ commissure
- _____ commissure
posterior
Pineal body
Habenular
medullaris thalami; habenularis; habenular
Posterior
SUBTHALAMUS
- The part of the diencephalon that is called the ____ thalamus lies below the_____ part of the thalamus, behind and (medial or lateral ?) to the hypothalamus.
- Inferiorly, the ventral thalamus is continuous with the____ of ____
- Laterally, it is related to the lowest part of the____
ventral
posterior
Lateral
tegmentum of the midbrain.
internal capsule.
The main masses of grey matter that are included in the ventral thalamus are the ____ nucleus (previously described as part of the dorsal thalamus) and the_____
reticular
zona incerta
Fibers passing through the subthalamus includes the ____ and _____
Ansa lenticularIs and fasciculus lenticularis
