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Ana 203 Part B > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

DIENCEPHALON

  • diencephalon is the part of the brain between the____ above and___ below.
  • It extends transversely from the_____ to _____
  • The____ sulcus divides the diencephalon into two parts:a dorsal part (pars dorsalis) and a ventral part (pars ventralis).
A

cerebrum ;midbrain

interventricular foramen; posterior commissure.

hypothalamic

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2
Q

DIENCEPHALON

Pars dorsalis consists of the____,____,and____

  • Pars ventralis consists of the _____and____
  • The cavity of the diencephalon is the ____
A

thalamus, metathalamus, and epithalamus

hypothalamus and subthalamus

third ventricle.

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3
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is included with the___ nuclei to which it is closely related ____ally.

A

basal

function

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4
Q

THALAMUS

  • Is the main sensory relay station on the pathway of all sensations (except ____) to the cerebral cortex.
  • Anatomically, the thalamus (or____ thalamus) is a large __-shaped mass of grey matter that lies immediately ___ to the third ventricle
  • __ends;__ surfaces
A

Smell
dorsal

egg

lateral

2;4

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5
Q

THALAMUS

The anterior end (or pole) is (narrow or wide?) and forms the____ boundary of interventricular foramen.
-The posterior end (or pole) is (narrower or broader?) and is called the ____. It lies just above and lateral to the_______.

A

Narrow

posterior

Broader

pulvinar

superior colliculus

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6
Q

THALAMUS

The pulvinar is separated from the geniculate bodies by the ______

  • The medial surface forms the greater part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is lined by_____.
  • The medial surfaces of the two thalami are usually connected by a mass of __ matter called the______ (aka ______)
  • Inferiorly, the medial surface of thalamus is separated from the hypothalamus by the ______
A

brachium of the superior colliculus.

ependyma

grey; interthalamic adhesion

connexus interthalamicus

hypothalamic sulcus.

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7
Q

THALAMUS

The hypothalamic sulcus runs from the ______ to _____

  • The _____ surface of the thalamus is related to the internal capsule, which separates it from the _____
  • This ___ surface itself is separated from internal capsule by the______ of thalamus and the________
A

interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct

lateral; lentiform nucleus

lateral; reticular nucleus; external medullary lamina

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8
Q

THALAMUS

The  superior (or dorsal) surface  of the thalamus is related laterally to the \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_, from which it is separated by\_\_\_\_\_ groove.  
-A bundle of efferent nerve fibres from amygdala called the \_\_\_\_\_, and the ———  lie in this groove.
A

body of caudate nucleus

thalamocaudate

stria terminalis; thalamostriate vein

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9
Q

The lateral part of superior surface of thalamus and the body of caudate nucleus together form the ____ of the ___ part of the lateral ventricle
- The medial part of the superior surface of the thalamus is, however, separated from the ventricle by the____ and by a fold of pia mater called the ______

A

floor

central

fornix

tela choroidea.

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10
Q

The inferior surface of the thalamus is related to the hypothalamus and the ——- thalamus.

A

ventral

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11
Q

The ventral thalamus separates the thalamus from the —— of the midbrain.

A

tegmentum

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12
Q

At the junction of the medial and superior surfaces of the thalamus, the ependyma of the third ventricle is reflected from the lateral wall to the roof. The line of reflection is marked by a line called the ______. Underlying it there is a narrow bundle of fibres called the_______

A

taenia thalami

stria medullaris thalami (stria habenularis)

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13
Q

The superior surface of thalamus is covered by a thin layer of white matter called the _____ and its lateral surface, by a similar layer called the _____. Internally a ‘_’ shaped bundle of white matter called _____ divides the grey matter of thalamus into three major groups of nuclei:_____,____,and_____

A

stratum zonale

external medullary lamina

Y; internal medullary lamina

anterior, medial and lateral

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14
Q

Grey matter of thalamus
-Nuclei in the Anterior Part The group of nuclei in this part is collectively referred to as the anterior nucleus and is predominantly ____ in function.

A

limbic

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15
Q

Nuclei in the Medial Part of the thalamus
- The largest of these is the ______. It is divisible into a _____ part (anteromedial) and a _____ part (posterolateral). This nucleus is_____ in connections and functions.

A

medial dorsal nucleus

magnocellular

parvocellular

limbic

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16
Q

The reticular nucleus on the___ aspect of thalamus (___tory, ___ergic neurons

A

lateral

inhibi; GABA

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17
Q

Reticular nuclei of the thalamus

Specific or non specific function

A

Non specific

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18
Q

Nuclei in the Lateral Part of the thalamus:ventral group and a dorsal group: The nuclei in the ventral group are as follows (in anteroposterior order):

  • ____ nucleus
  • _____nucleus (also called the ____ nucleus)
  • _____ nucleus, which is further subdivided into the ____ nucleus, and the _____nucleus.
A

Ventral anterior

Ventral lateral ; ventral intermediate

Ventral posterior; ventral posterolateral

ventral posteromedial

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19
Q

While ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are important for___ integration, ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral nuclei play an important role in ___ integration.

A

motor

sensory

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20
Q

The nuclei of the dorsal group(______group) of the thalamus are as follows (in anteroposterior order): •____ nucleus
•_____ nucleus
•_____
-

A

sensory modulator

Lateral dorsal

Lateral posterior

Pulvinar

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21
Q

The intralaminar nuclei are embedded within the______

A

internal medullary lamina

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22
Q

The ____ nuclei of the thalamus consist of scattered cells that lie between the medial part of the thalamus and the ependyma of 3rd ventricle

A

midline

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23
Q

Papez circuit is for_____ memory

A

emotional episodic

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24
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus:

  • involved in ___ memory,___,____
  • takes 3 dicks in: from____,___,and_____
  • sends the cum to_____
A

emotional

motivation, and drive

olfactory cortex,amygdala, and hypothalamus

prefrontal cortex

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25
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome can affect Dorsomedial nucleus

T/F

A

T

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26
Q

Important nuclei in the Metathalamus?

A

Medial and lateral geniculate bodies

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27
Q

Important nuclei in the Subthalamus?

A

Subthalamic, Zona incerta

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28
Q

VPM of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

A

Trigeminothalamic;solitariothalamic

Area 3,1,2

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29
Q

VPL of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

A

DCML;Spinothalamic

Area 3,1,2

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30
Q

VAN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

A

Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN

Area 6

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31
Q

VLN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____,____,and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

A

Dentate nuclei of cerebellum

Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN

Area 4

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32
Q

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

A

Mammillary body

Cingulate gyrus

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33
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus relays fibers to the _____

A

Prefrontal

Cortex

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34
Q

Pulvinar of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,____, ____ and sends it to the ______

A

Geniculate bodies,superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

Association areas of parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

35
Q

Medial geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

A

Brachium OF IC

Auditory cortex

36
Q

Lateral geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

A

Optic tract

Visual cortex

37
Q

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,and ____and sends it to the ______

A

Mamillothalamic;hippocampus

Cingulate gyrus

38
Q

Lateral dorsal and Lateral posterior of the thalamus receive fibers from the ____ and ___ respectively and relays it to the ____ and ___ respectively

A

Hippocampus ; parietal lobe

Cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe

39
Q

Clinical significance
Ablation of the posterior part of____ nucleus can reduce tremors in parkinsonism because this nucleus receives inputs from_____

A

ventral lateral

corpus striatum

40
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

  • lies below the thalamus and is separated from it by the _____
  • parts of hypothalamus are located in the ____ fossa and they form the____ of third ventricle.
  • On the medial side, it forms the____ of the third ventricle below the level of the hypothalamic sulcus.
A

hypothalamic sulcus.

interpeduncular

floor

lateral wall

41
Q

Most part of hypothalamus is hidden

T/F

A

T

42
Q

Boundaries of Hypothalamus

  • Laterally, it is in contact with the_____, and (in the posterior part) with the_____
  • Posteriorly, the hypothalamus merges with the______ and through it, with the____ of the midbrain.
  • Anteriorly, it extends up to the____, and merges with certain___ structures in the region of the ____ perforated substance.
A

internal capsule

ventral thalamus (subthalamus)

ventral thalamus

tegmentum

lamina terminalis; olfactory; anterior

43
Q

Inferiorly, the hypothalamus forms structures in the____ of the third ventricle. These are the_____,___,and_____

A

floor

tuber cinereum, the infundibulum, and the mamillary bodies.

44
Q 
Subdivisions of Hypothalamus
from medial to lateral side:
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Periventricular

Intermediate

Lateral

45
Q

The periventricular and intermediate zones of Hypothalamus are often described collectively as the _____ zone.

A

medial

46
Q

The______ of the _____ lies between the medial and lateral zones of Hypothalamus . mamillothalamic tract and the fasciculus retroflexus also lie in this plane.

A

column of the fornix

47
Q

From front To back of the hypothalamus

  • The_____ region
  • The_____ (or______) region
  • The____ (or______) region
  • The_____ (or_____) region
A

preoptic

supraoptic; chiasmatic

tuberal; infundibulotuberal

mamillary; posterior

48
Q

From front To back of the hypothalamus

  • The preoptic region adjoins the_____ and is anterior to the_____
  • The supraoptic region lies above the____
  • The tuberal region includes the ___, the _____, and the region above it.
  • The mamillary region consists of the_____ and the region above them
A

lamina terminalis; optic chiasma.

optic chiasma

infundibulum; tuber cinereum

mamillary bodies

49
Q

Mention the nucleus in the medial side

preoptic

supraoptic

tuberal

mamillary

A

Medial preoptic nucleus

Supraoptic, anterior hypothalamic,suprachiasmatic,paraventricular

Arcuate nucleus, ventromedial and Dorsomedial

Mammillary bodies ;posterior hypothalamic

50
Q

Main nucleus in the lateral zone of the hypothalamus is ——-?

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

51
Q

Mammillary bodies: involved with_____ memory and reflex memory associated with____

A

episodic

smell

52
Q

Fornix connects _____ to hypothalamus in _____ function

A

Hippocampal formation

Papez circuit for recent memory

53
Q

Amygdaloid nucleus connects to hypothalamus by _____ and _____ tracts

A

Stria terminalis Ventral and amygdalofugal pathway

54
Q

______ and _____fibers from Locus coeruleus and Raphe nucleus respectively to hypothalamus for _____ function

A

Noradrenergic fibres Serotoninergic fibres

Circadian rhythm

55
Q

Retina connects to the hypothalamus by ______ fibers for ____ purpose

A

Retinohypothalamic  fibers

Circadian rhythm

56
Q

____from lateral hypothalamic nuclei stimulates_____

A

Orexins

hunger

57
Q

Arcuate nucleus acts on ____ and_____ nuclei

A

LHN

VMN

58
Q

From ____ and ____ nuclei hypothalamus to Posterior pituitary by ____ and ____ tracts to release _____ and ____ respectively

A

PVN and Supraoptic

Paraventriculohypophyseal tract

Supraopticohypophyseal tract

Release  of  oxytocin

Release of ADH

59
Q

From _____ of hypothalamus to Anterior nucleus of the thalamus by _____ tract for _____ function

A

Mamillary bodies
Mamillothalamic tract

Papez

60
Q

From _____ of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland by ______ for _____ function

A

Arcuate nucleus

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Release  of  GHRH,  PIH, TRH,  CRH  and GnRH

61
Q

From _______ of hypothalamus to L1-L2 of spinal cord by ______ tract for ____ function

A

Posterior hypothalamic nuclei

Hypothalamospinal tract

Autonomic

62
Q

From _____ of hypothalamus to parasympathetic nuclei by ______ tract for ____ function

A

Anterior hypothalamic nuclei

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Parasympathetic function

63
Q

Control of Autonomic Activity by hypothalamus
(A)anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends ____ nerves to
-_______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-______(CN_)
-pregang___ neurons at ____ vertebrae
*receives fibers from_____ about—— and cvs stuff

A

Parasympathetic

edinger westphal ;3

superior salivatory;7

inferior salivatory;9

dorsal nuclei of vagus;10
psns; S2-S4

NTS;taste

64
Q

Posterior hypothalamic nuclei sends fibers to the reticular formation
T/F

A

F

It’s anterior that does it

65
Q

Stimulation of medial areas of the hypothalamus produces sensations of pleasure, while stimulation of lateral areas produces pain or other unpleasant effects.

T/F

A

F

Apparently, medial is pain; lateral is pleasure

66
Q

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus

(a) by arcuate nucleus:
- releases hormones in a portal that acts on the____ pituitary
- releases both____ hormones and____ hormones

List them

A

anterior

releasing; inhibitory

GRH and GIH
CRH and CIH
TRH and TIH
PIH

67
Q

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus
(a)by arcuate nucleus:

release GRH and GIH in AP that would modulate production of____ hormone

  • release CRH and CIH in AP that would modulate production of____
  • release PIH in AP that would modulate production of_____
  • release TRH and TIH in AP that would modulate production of____
A

growth

ACTH

prolactin

TSH

68
Q

Prolactin inhibitory hormone is basically_____

A

dopamine

69
Q

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus

By MPON
List them

A

GnRH and GnIH

70
Q

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus

MPON:
-release GnRH and GnIH in AP that would modulate production of ____ and ____ that control _____ and ____production in females respectively and______ and ____ production in males respectively

A

FSH and LH

estrogen and progesterone

sperm production and testosterone

71
Q

circadian rhythms are believed to be controlled by the____, which is said to function as a_____. The_____ nucleus is believed to play an important role in this regard.It receives afferent from the eye through______ tract and sends efferent to_____.

A

hypothalamus

biological clock

suprachiasmatic

retinahypothalamic

pineal gland

72
Q

Lesions of the hypothalamus disturb the sleep-waking cycle.

T/F

A

T

73
Q

_____ nucleus of the hypothalamus is known as sexually dimporphic

A

Medial pre optic nucleus

74
Q

______ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-loss and ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-rise

A

Anterior nucleus

Posterior nucleus

75
Q

Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hypothermia

Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hyperthermia

A

Posterior

Anterior

76
Q

Lesion at MPON leads to insatiable libido

T/F

A

F

Causes loss of libido

77
Q

Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes anorexia

Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes obesity

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

78
Q

Lesions of mamillary body of Hypothalamus causes_____

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

79
Q

Lesions of Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause ______

A

Diabetes insipidus

80
Q

Kleine-Levin syndrome: Lesions of___ part of hypothalamus causes problems in satiety resulting in periods of somnolence followed by hyperphagia

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADDH): Lesions of _____ nucleus results in improper ADH secretion and diabetes insipidus

A

medial

supraoptic

81
Q

EPITHALAMUS

  • The epithalamus lies in relation to the _____ part of the roof of the third ventricle and in the adjoining part of its lateral wall.
  • The structures included in the epithalamus are as follows:
  • ______ body
  • ______ nuclei—medial and lateral
  • Stria_____ (stria_____) and ____ commissure
  • _____ commissure
A

posterior

Pineal body

Habenular

medullaris thalami; habenularis; habenular

Posterior

82
Q

SUBTHALAMUS

  • The part of the diencephalon that is called the ____ thalamus lies below the_____ part of the thalamus, behind and (medial or lateral ?) to the hypothalamus.
  • Inferiorly, the ventral thalamus is continuous with the____ of ____
  • Laterally, it is related to the lowest part of the____
A

ventral

posterior
Lateral

tegmentum of the midbrain.
internal capsule.

83
Q

The main masses of grey matter that are included in the ventral thalamus are the ____ nucleus (previously described as part of the dorsal thalamus) and the_____

A

reticular

zona incerta

84
Q

Fibers passing through the subthalamus includes the ____ and _____

A

Ansa lenticularIs and fasciculus lenticularis

Ana 203 Part B (15 decks)

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