Limbic System Flashcards
hippocampus usually develops like____,and they are also called_____ and is continuous with the_____ gyrus
horns
Cornu ammonis
dentate
The word limbus means____
ring
The limbic system was formerly called_____ because of its association to____, but in human beings it is a___ part of it is actually concerned with____.
rhinencephalon
olfaction
small; smell
phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebral cortex is the ____
The limbic cortex
Limbic cortex is made up of primitive type of cortical tissue called ____ which consists of____ layers and surrounds the—- of the cerebral hemisphere.
allocortex
three
hilum
There is second ring of transitional cortex called____ between the
__cortex and the __cortex. It consists of ____layers.
-The cortical tissue of remaining non-limbic portion of the hemisphere is called ___cortex which is made up of___ layers and most highly developed in man.
juxta-allocortex
allo; neo; three to six
neo; six
Because of visceral responses to activities in the limbic system, it is also known as____ brain
-limbic system has____ subsystems,____ output pathway
visceral
Two; One
limbic lobe Surrounds rostral part of____ &____ commissure.
brain Stem; interhemispheric
-____ is a person that used “limbic” in____ to describe the large cortical convolutions on the___ aspect of the hemisphere.
Paul Broca
1878
medial
the limbic lobe is that it appears early or late in phylogenesis?
Early
Limbic posseses a certain constancy in in gross & microscopic structure.
T/F
T
limbic lobe is made up of two parts
- ___ gyrus:for ____ and___ processing ,also used in____
- ___ gyrus:___ processing
Cingulate
memory; emotional; ANS
parahippocampal; memory
The cingulate gyrus is a ‘____centre’ of brain and associated with the feeling of____ after—— or ———
satisfaction
satisfaction
a meal or after sexual intercourse.
- medial to the PHG is the_____(for_____)
- Traced posteriorly the hippocampus gradually narrows and ultimately ends______
- it’s made up of a lot of parts
- _____ gyrus:____ component
- ____:____ component of HF
- _____ proper:____ component of HF
- ________
hippocampal formation
memory
beneath the splenium of corpus callosum
dentate; afferent
Subiculum; efferent
hippocampus; efferent
indusium griseum
the amygdala
- found ———-the HF.
- involved in____,——- and ___
- It’s an_____-shaped mass of grey matter
- has 2 groups
- ____ nucleus: emotional response related to smell
- _____ nucleus group; everything else
- Posteriorly the amygdaloid body becomes continuous with_____ and____
ontop of
emotion; behavior, and emotional response to smell
almond
corticomedial; basolateral
tail of caudate nucleus
stria terminalis
hypothalamus: 2 main nuclei involved in the limbic system
* ____
* ____nuclei (anterior___;post____)
mamillary body; ANS
para; sympa
thalamus: 2 main nuclei involved in the limbic system
* ____ of thalamus
* ______ nucleus
Anterior nucleus
dorsomedial
dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus collects fibers from_____ to pass to_____ so it involves ___ and ___
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
emotions and behaviors
———- was once considered as the seat of soul.
Hippocampus
septal area:
- found in the_____ and______ gyrus
- septal region is on the____ aspect of the____ lobe beneath the____ and ____ of corpus callosum and in front of the_____
- The septal region includes ____ and ____gyri.
- The cerebral cortex in this region is called septal area.
- The septal area has been shown to be a___ zone of brain in____.
septum pallucidum; paraterminal
medial; frontal
genu and rostrum
lamina terminalis
paraterminal and parolfactory
pleasure; rats
habenular: a part of the______
epithalamus
The lamina terminalis is a ____ matter fills the interval between the____ and the_____
Grey
optic chiasm
rostrum of the corpus callosum.
Fimbria: white matter tract that contains afferent and efferent fibers of the_____. The fimbria travels along the___; when it separates from the it, it becomes the____.
hippocampus
hippocampus; fornix
Fornix: connects____ to _____and_____
hippocampus; septal area ; mammillary body of hypothalamus
Fornix is one of the efferent systems of the hippocampus.
T/F
F.
Sole efferent
-striae terminalis: connects____ to——- and ———;goes _ ways
amygdala
septal area and mammillary body of hypothalamus
2way
ventral amygdalo fugol pathway: connects____ to_____,____ and _____ ;goes ___ ways
amygdala
septal area, mammillary body of hypothalamus, and medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus
2way
-striae medullaris thalami: connects ______ to _____;goes __ ways
septa area to habenular
2way
mammilothalamic tract: connect_____ to______ ; goes ___ ways
mammillary bodies
anterior nucleus of thalamus
2way
medial forebrain bundle: from____ through_____ to the_____; goes __ ways
prefrontal cortex
lateral part of hypothalamus
reticular formation of the brain stem
2way
mammilotegmental tract: from______ to ______ ;goes ____ ways
mammillary body of Hypothalamus to ventral tegmental area of midbrain
1way
mamillary peduncles: from_____ to _______; goes ___ ways
ventral tegmental area of midbrain to mammillary body of Hypothalamus; 1way
Functions of limbic system
Olfactory system
-smell reaches____ and stimulates it to send AP down through the____
-It then bifurcates into___ and ____
-MOS goes to the____
-LOS goes to two places.___ (___of smell) and____ (___of smell)
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
medial and lateral olfactory striae
orbitofrontal cortex
PHG; memory
amygdala; emotion
Function of limbic system
Memory and learning
-the___ circuit(aka the ____ Circuit ) is very important in this
-from____-via____- to_____-via____- to____- to_____ - (1)-entorhinal cortex of___ then____ and from this back to the___-and (2)-____cortex to have our memory and learning involved with our thoughts and decision making
papez; Hippocampal subiculum of hippocampus Fornix mammillary bodies of Hypothalamus mammilothalamic tract anterior nucleus of thalamus cingulate gyrus PHG dentate nucleus of hippocampus subiculum
prefrontal
Entorhinal cortex is area___
28
Function of limbic system
Emotions and Behavior
Emotion:____, ____,___,____
Behavior:_____,____,____
fear, anger, rage , sadness
feeding, sex, motivation
amygdala is connected to____ cortex,____ lobe and _____area
prefrontal; temporal; posterior association
Posterior association area includes the ——-,——, and ——-
auditory association, visual association, and somatosensory association
Feeding
- amygdala sends fibers to 2 nuclei in the hypothalamus.
- _____nuclei for____
- _____nuclei for____
ventromedial
satiety
lateral hypothalamic
hunger
Sexual activity
- amygdala sends fibers to 2 nuclei in the hypothalamus.
- _____nuclei that secretes____ and ____ sex drive
- ____nucleus that secretes _____ that ____ sex drive
paraventricular
oxytocin and increase
medial pre-optic
testosterone that increases
Motivation activity
-from amygdala to ____and____ and these 2 give fibers to the____ area of____ that is rich in____ and that area sends ____nergic neurons to____ cortex(____pathway) and_____(_____pathways)
septal area ; hypothalamus
ventral tegmental; midbrain; dopamine
dopami
prefrontal; mesocortical
nucleus accumbens; mesolimbic
Fear !!
-amygdala to____ nucleus of hypothalamus via ____tract to___ neuron located within the____ region of spinal cord
AND
amygdala to Another nucleus of hypothalamus that produce ____hormone that tells the____ to release___ that stimulates the___ to make____ that is involved in the stress response
posterior hypothalamic
hypothalamospinal
preganglionic; thoracolumbar
corticotropin releasing ; anterior pituitary; ACTH; adrenal gland; cortisol
Kluver Bucy:
- _____damage ; specifically the____; but also the____
- this causes___
- hyper_____
- hyper____
- amnesia
bilateral temporal lobe
amygdala
hippocampus
plaucidity
hyperphagia
sexual
Plaucidity means_____
Hyperphagia means _____
no response of fear or anger
over eating
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- due to_____
- causes damages to the_____
- symptoms include____
- it attacks ______peduncles and that leads to___
- also attacks CN _ and CN_ and lead to____
vitB1 deficiency
mamillary body
confabulation
middle cerebellar ; ataxia
cn3 and cn6 ; opthalmoplegia
Confabulation means_____
pieces of memories are missing so they make up things to fill it
Bilateral removal of hippocampus causes_____ amnesia
anterograde
In anterograde amnesia : fill with lost or intact
short term memory is _____
ability to learn/store new information is _____
memories of distant past and intelligence is ____
Lost
Lost
Intact
Alzheimer’s affect ___ term memory at first then goes on to also destroy___ term memory
Short
Long
Declarative memory: a type of___-term memory that involves_____
long
conscious recollection of particular facts(episodic ) and events(semantic)
List the types of declarative memories \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Episodic
Semantic
Autobiographical
Spatial
Episodic Memory :refers to memory____
Semantic Memory refers to______
Autobiographical memory refers to_____
Spatial memory refers to_____
gathered from day to day experiences and can be stated and conjured explicitly.
facts and general knowledge we gather over the years.
episodes of memory collected from one’s life based on a specific object, person, space, and time.
the recording of information concerning the spatial arrangement of an individual.
Procedural memory: Procedural memory is a type of___-term memory involving____
-it involves___ coordination provided by the___/___ and___ contexts
long
how to perform different actions and skills
Motor
Striatum / cerebellum
Emotional
List the types of procedural memory
\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Priming Perceptual Category Emotional Procedural
Priming refers to______
Perceptual learning refers to_____
Category learning refers to______
Emotional Learning refers to______
Procedural Learning involves_____
subconscious stimulus creation in response to primary stimulus without guidance and intentions.
achieving better perception giving rise to discrimination between two similar things
concept attainment to clarify and categorize different things accordingly.
the effect of emotions on an individual. And we all know emotions have a profound effect on an individual
skill attainment for better task attainability at any point in life
Facts and events
-are___-term but after____ and ____ can be ____-term
Short
Recall and consolidation
Long
——— plays a major role in consolidation of memory
Hippocampal function
Declarative memory is based on_____ and ____ while the procedural memory is based on the______.
recall and retrieval
performance of a person
. Both these types of memories are stored in same region of brains
T/F
F
——— type of memory also plays a role in defining the personality of a person
Procedural memory
declarative involves____ of the brain , procedural uses____ part of the brain directly
hippocampus
cerebellum
In certain memory disorders like Alzheimer’s disease,_____ memory is known to function better than the other one
procedural
State which are gray and which are white matter
Fimbria Fornix Alveus Thalamus Habenular Stria terminalis Striae medullaris thalami Hippocampus Parahippocampal gyrus Amygdala Limbic lobe Cingular’s gyrus Septal area Mamillary peduncles
White White White Grey Grey White White Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey White
Amygdaloid complex- gray mass situated in the____ portion of temporal lobe, ___ and ____to the tip of___ horn of lateral ventricle.
dorsomedial
rostral & partly superior
inferior
The amygdaloid is related medially to the_____, and laterally to the___.
➢Caudally the amygdaloid complex is in contact with_____
olfactory area; claustrum
tail of caudate nucleus.
The stria terminalis emerges from___ aspect of amygdaloid nucleus.
posterior
Septal region Projects to midbrain reticular formation via____
●Projects to__ nuclei via stria medullaris; from there it projects to____ nuclei ->_____ -> respiratory, cardiovascular, salivatory centers responding to emotional stimuli.
medial forebrain bundle.
habenular; interpeduncular; reticular formation
Septal neurons are not affected by antipsychotic drugs.
T/F
F
They are
●Some euphoric drugs may affect septal neurons
T/F
T
Septal nuclei can be self-stimulated in animals
T/F
T
Septal nuclei May play a role in regulating sexual function
T/F
T
Alzheimer’s Disease
●____ before age 65; after 65 called______
●Forgetfulness; abnormalities of memory, cognition, orientation and behavior.
●Loss of neurons in _____and____ gyrus.
●Reduction in ___nergic innervation of cortex.
Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in____, in the substantia_____; may cause loss of cognitive function.
Progressive dementia; senile dementia.
hippocampal formation ; parahippocampal
choli
basal nucleus of Meynert
innominata
The claustrum is a thin, bilateral collection of___ and___, that connects to cortical (e.g., the_____) and subcortical regions (e.g.,_____) of the brain.
neurons; supporting glial cells
pre-frontal cortex
the thalamus
Chronic alcoholism with associated nutritional deficiency can cause Korsakoff’s syndrome
T/F
T
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is associated with loss of memory
T/F
F
Kluver bucy symptoms include Visual agnosia: objects not recognized visually, caused by damage to____
cortical areas caudal to amygd.
Unilateral or bilateral ablation of the amygdaloid and the paraamygdaloid area in patients suffering from aggressive behavior in many cases results in________
a decrease in aggressiveness, emotional instability & restlessness.
A Kluver bucy syndrome symptoms includes no Compulsion to attend to sensory stimuli: tactile & oral
T/F
F
