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Ana 203 Part B > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Concerning the development of the brain

  • entire nervous system is of____ origin and its first rudiment is seen in the neural___ which extends along the___ aspect of the embryo
  • By ____week, neural folds have begun to move together & fuse, converting the neural___ into neural____, the primordium of the CNS.
A

ectodermal

groove

dorsal

end of 3rd

plate

tube

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2
Q

Gastrulation

  • the process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into a___ embryonic disc.
  • Begins with formation of the ____at the caudal end of the embryo.
  • Cranial end proliferates to form____
  • Some mesenchymal cells migrate cranially from primitive node & pit, forming a median cellular cord-____/_____
A

trilaminar

primitive streak

primitive node.

notochordal/head process.

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3
Q

Primitive streak results from proliferation & migration of cells of the____ to the____ plane of the embryonic disc.

A

epiblast

median

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4
Q

Primitive____ develops in the primitive streak.

-Primitive___ – small depression in primitive node.

A

groove

pit

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5
Q

Primitive groove & pit result from invagination of_____ cells.

A

epiblastic

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6
Q

GASTRULATION
By the ____ day floor of the notochordal process fuses with____
-With further development the notochordal cells proliferate & form a solid cord- the______/_____ (_____wk).
-Primitive streak undergoes degenerative changes & disappears by the _____week
-As the notochord develops, the embryonic ___derm over it thickens to form an elongated,___-shaped plate-____

A

18th

underlying endoderm.

definitive notochord/chordamesoderm

end of 3rd

end of the 4th

ecto; slipper; neural plate.

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7
Q

Fate of the notochordal lumen

A

Gradually the lumen of notochordal process disappears completely.

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8
Q

The ectoderm of the neural plate forms the CNS.

T/F

A

T

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9
Q

NEURULATION

  • Neural plate appears (cranial or caudal?) to the primitive node & (ventral or dorsal?) to the notochord & mesoderm adjacent to it.
  • As the notochord elongates, the neural plate (narrows or broadens) & eventually extends cranially as far as the ____ membrane
A

Cranial

Dorsal

Broadens

oropharyngeal

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10
Q

At first the neural plate is longer in length than the underlying notochord.

T/F

A

F

At first the neural plate corresponds precisely in length to the underlying notochord.

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11
Q

Eventually the neural plate extends beyond the notochord.

T/F

A

T

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12
Q

NEURULATION
At approximately the __th day, neural plate invaginates along its central axis to form a longitudinal median- neural____, that has neural____ on each side.

A

18

groove; folds

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13
Q

NEURULATION

Neural folds become particularly prominent at the (cranial or caudal?) end of embryo
-By_____, neural folds have begun to move together & fuse, converting the neural plate into neural____, the primordium of the CNS.

A

Cranial

end of 3rd week

tube

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14
Q

first signs of brain development is ______?

A

Prominence of neural folds

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15
Q

Regarding the notochord

  • As the notochordal process elongates, the primitive streak____
  • At____ week the notochordal process is transformed into notochord
  • Embryonic disc is originally_-shaped but soon becomes __-shaped & then ___-like
A

shortens

end of the 3rd

egg

pear

Slipper

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16
Q

The ____ functions as the primary inductor in the early embryo ;a prime mover in a sries of signal-calling episodes that ultimately transform unspecialized embyonic cells into definitive adult tissues & organs

A

notochord

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17
Q

The notochord is an intricate structure around which the _____forms.

  • It extends from ______ membrane to the_____
  • Notochord degenerates & disappears as the_____ form, but persists as the____ of _____
  • Neurulation is completed during the___ week
A

vertebral column

oropharyngeal

primitive node

bodies of the vertebrae

nucleus pulposus of each IV disc.

4th

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18
Q

NEURAL CREST FORMATION
-As the neural folds fuse to form neural tube, some neuroectodermal cells on the crest of each fold lose their epithelial affinities & attachments to neighbouring cells.
T/F

A

T

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19
Q

As the neural tube separates from surface____, neural crest cells migrate_____ on each side of the neural tube .
-The neural crest is eventually formed between the _____ and ____

A

ectoderm

dorsolaterally

neural tube & the overlying surface ectoderm.

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20
Q

Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells

  • ____ganglia (____ganglia)
  • Ganglia of____
  • Ganglia of cranial nerves___,___,__,___ (in part)
  • ______of peripheral nerves
  • _____of brain & spinal cord
A

Spinal

dorsal

ANS

V, VII, IX & X

Neurolemmal sheaths

Meninges

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21
Q

Embryological Origin of the Brain

  • The brain develops from the____ end of the neural tube
  • cranial to the___ pair of somites
A

anterior

4th

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22
Q

the anterior end of neural tube, at an early period becomes expanded into ___ vesicles, the primary cerebral vesicles.
-These are marked off from each other by intervening constrictions
-they are named the fore-brain or____, the mid-brain or____, and the hind-brain or_____—the last being continuous with the_____

A

3

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

medulla spinalis.

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23
Q

Secondary Brain Vesicles

  • During the ____ week
  • forebrain partly divides into 2 secondary vesicles-____ and ____
  • hindbrain partly divides into ___ and ____
A

5th

telecenphalon & diencephalon

metencephalon & myelencephalon

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24
Q

Midbrain/ mesencephalon divides into ___ and ___ vesicles

A

Midbrain/ mesencephalon does not divide

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25
Q

HEAD FLEXURES

  • As a result of unequal growth of these different parts 3 flexures are formed and the embryonic brain becomes_____ in a somewhat zigzag fashion
  • The 2 earliest flexures are con___ ventrally and are associated with corresponding flexures of the whole head
A

bent on itself

cave

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26
Q

The first head flexure is the ____ flexure

A

Midbrain

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27
Q

Mid brain flexure

  • aka _____ flexure
  • By means of the midbrain flexure, fore-brain is bent in a (ventral or dorsal) direction around the _____ end of the notochord & fore-gut, with the result that the____
  • This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its (ventral or dorsal?) surface corresponds with the_____ of the curve.
A

ventral cephalic

Ventral

anterior

floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost parallel with that of the hind-brain.

dorsal; convexity

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28
Q

Hind brain flexure

  • The (2nd or 3rd) bend appears at the junction of the _____ and ___
  • aka ____\ flexure
  • the flexure increases from ____ to the end of ___ week, when the hind-brain forms nearly a___ angle with the _____
A

2nd

hind-brain and medulla spinalis

cervical

3rd;5th

right; medulla spinalis

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29
Q

After the 5th week, _______takes place & the cervical flexure diminishes & disappears.

A

erection of the head

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30
Q

Pons flexure

  • The 3rd bend is named the pontine flexure
  • Located in future pontine region; divides hindbrain into caudal- ____cephalon & rostral ____cephalon
  • It differs from the other 2 in that (a) its_____, and (b) it______
A

myelen; meten

convexity is forward

does not affect the head

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31
Q

The lateral walls of the brain-tube, like those of the medulla spinalis, are divided by internal furrows into

___/____&___/_____ laminæ

A

alar; dorsal

basal; ventral

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32
Q

The Hind-brain

  • Rhombencephalon
  • The cavity of the hind-brain becomes the______
  • Immediately behind the mid-brain it exhibits a marked constriction, the______
A

4th ventricle.

isthmus rhombencephali.

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33
Q

the length of the hind-brain once exceeded the combined lengths of the other 2 vesicles.

T/F

A

T

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34
Q

At the time when the ____flexure makes its appearance, the length of the hind-brain exceeds the combined lengths of the other 2 vesicles.

A

ventral cephalic

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35
Q

From that constriction the _____ and _____ are formed

A

anterior medullary velum & the superior peduncle of the cerebellum

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36
Q

Olivary nuclei are formed from neuroblasts from the ___ lamina of the ____brain and its _____

A

alar
Hind
rhombic lip

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37
Q

Cerebellum

  • The cerebellum is developed by a thickening of ___ of the ___cephalon.
  • The fissures of the cerebellum appear first in the____ and _____ region, and traces of them are found during the ____ month
A

roof; meten

vermis & floccular; 3rd

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38
Q

Fissures on the cerebellar hemispheres do not appear until the_____ month.

A

5th

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39
Q

The primitive fissures of the cerebellum are developed in the order of their relative size in the adult
T/F

A

F

The primitive fissures of the cerebellum are not developed in the order of their relative size in the adult—thus the horizontal sulcus in the fifth month is merely a shallow groove.

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40
Q

The best marked of the early fissures of the cerebellum are: (a) the ____between the developing____and_____, and (b) the____ between the_____ and _____

A

fissura prima

culmen and declive

fissura secunda

future pyramid and uvula.

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41
Q

The flocculus & nodule are developed from the ____

A

rhombic lip

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42
Q

____ and ____ are recognizable as separate portions before any of the other cerebellar lobules.

A

Floculus

Nodule

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43
Q

On the ventricular surface of the cerebellar lamina a transverse furrow, the _____, appears, and deepens to form the ____ recess of the____ of the____ ventricle

A

tent-like

Roof;4th

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44
Q

As the cerebellar rudiments enlarge & fuse in the median plane, they overgrow the____ half of 4th ventricle & overlap ____ and ___

  • Some neuroblasts in intermediate zone of the____ plates migrate to marginal zone & differentiate into neurons of the cerebellar cortex
  • Other neuroblats from these plates give rise to the _____ nuclei
A

rostral

pons & medulla

alar

central

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45
Q

Pons

-pons is developed by a thickening in the ____ and ____ walls of the ____cephalon.

A

floor & lateral; meten

46
Q

Medulla
Summary
-The ___ and ____walls of the ____cephalon are thickened to form the medulla oblongata.

A

floor & lateral

myelen

47
Q
  • Each lateral wall of myelencephalon consists of an alar and a basal lamina, separated by an _____, the remains of which are represented in the adult brain by the ____ on the_____
  • The contained cavity is more or less____ in outline, the base being formed by the ___-plate, which is thin and greatly expanded transversely.
A

internal furrow

sulcus limitans

rhomboid fossa

triangular; roof

48
Q

Neuroblasts are developed in the alar & basal laminæ of myelencephalon & their narrow stalks are elongated to form the _____of the nerve fibres.

A

axis-cylinders

49
Q

Opposite the furrow or boundary between the alar & basal laminæ a bundle of nerve fibres attaches itself to the outer surface of the alar lamina -_______, & is formed by the sensory fibres of the ______ and _____ nerve.

A

tractus solitarius

glossopharyngeal & vagus n

50
Q

Within a few days the rhomboid lip of myelencephalon becomes applied to, and unites with, the outer surface of the main part of the alar lamina, and so covers in the tractus solitarius & also the _____ root of _____ nerve

A

spinal root of the trigeminal

51
Q

From the alar lamina and its rhombic lip, neuroblasts migrate into the basal lamina, and become aggregated to form the ____ nuclei, while many send their axis-cylinders thru the floor-plate to the _____ side, and thus constitute the rudiment of the ___ of the medulla oblongata.

A

olivary

opposite

raphe

52
Q

(a) the development of the pyramids of medulla which are formed about the ____ month by the ___ward growth of the (sensory or motor?)fibres from the cerebral cortex

A

4th; down

Motor

53
Q

On the rhomboid fossa a series of 6 temporary furrows appears- rhombic____.
•They bear a definite relationship to some of the cranial nerves; thus, from before backward the 1st & 2nd grooves overlie the nucleus of the____; the 3rd, the nucleus of the____; the 4th, that of the ____; the 5th, that of the____; and the 6th, that of the____

A

grooves

trigeminal

facial

abducent

glossopharyngeal

vagus

54
Q

Mid Brain

  • Cells from the ___ plates give rise to the ___ nuclei,___ and___ nuclei,____ nuclei of trigeminal nerve
  • Its cavity becomes relatively (increased or reduced?) in diameter, and forms the_____ of the adult brain.
A

alar

pontine

cochlear & vestibular

sensory
Reduced; cerebral aqueduct

55
Q

cerebral peduncles develop from ____ and are are at first of small size, but rapidly enlarge after the ____ month.

A

Thickened basal lamina of midbrain

4th

56
Q

The cerebral peduncles are the anterior part of the midbrain that connects the remainder of the_____ to the _____

A

brainstem

thalami

57
Q

The neuroblasts of these basal laminæ of midbrain constitute the nuclei of the____,___,and______.

A

III & trochlear n. & of the mesencephalic root of the trigeminal n

58
Q

By a thickening process, alar laminæ of midbrain are developed into the _____ lamina.

A

quadrigeminal

59
Q

Neuroblasts migrate from the alar plates of midbrain into the tectum & aggregate to form-________

A

sup & inf colliculi

60
Q

Neuroblasts from basal plates of midbrain may give rise to groups of neurons in the tegmentum (___nuclei, nuclei of ____and___ cranial nerves, & _____ nuclei of thalamus

A

red

3rd & 4th

reticular

61
Q

The Fore-brain

  • Prosencephalon
  • At a very early period 2 lateral diverticula, the____, appear, one on either side of the fore-brain
  • The (central or peripheral?) parts of the vesicles expand, while the (proximal/distal?) parts are reduced to______, called the____
A

optic vesicles

Peripheral

Proximal

tubular stalks; optic stalks.

62
Q

for a time the optic vesicles communicate with the cavity of the fore-brain by relatively narrow openings.

T/F

A

F

Wide openings

63
Q

The optic vesicle gives rise to the___ and the epithelium on the back of the_____ and ____
-The optic stalk is invaded by nerve fibres to form the ____ nerve

A

retina

ciliary body and iris.

optic

64
Q

A 2nd pair of diverticula soon arise from forebrain , more dorsally& rostrally-_____ vesicles- primordia of_____
-The cavities of these diverticula are the rudiments of the_____; they communicate with the median part of the fore-brain cavity by relatively wide openings, which ultimately form the _____

A

cerebral/telencephalic

cerebral hemispheres.

lateral ventricles

interventricular foramen

65
Q

The (median or lateral) portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the____, which stretches down from the____ to the recess at the base of the______

A

Median

lamina terminalis

interventricular foramen; optic stalk.

66
Q

The anterior part of the fore-brain, including the rudiments of the cerebral hemispheres, is named the_____, & its posterior portion is termed the_____

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

67
Q

Only the telencephalon contributes to form the lateral ventricles

T/F

A

F

both telencephalon and diencephalon contribute to the formation of the third ventricle.

68
Q

Diencephalon

-From the (alar or basal?) lamina of the diencephalon, the___,___,____ are developed.

A

Alar

thalamus, metathalamus, and epithalamus

69
Q

Thalamus separated from epithalamus by ____ sulcus & from hypothalamus by____ sulcus

A

epithalamic

hypothalamic

70
Q

Thalamus

-Develops (slowly or rapidly?) on each side & bulges into cavity of___ ventricle, reducing it to a narrow cleft

A

Rapidly

3rd

71
Q

Thalami meet & fuse in midline in ~___% of brains, forming a bridge of gray matter across the 3rd ventricle-_______(______)

A

70

interthalamic adhesion

massa intermedia

72
Q

Metathalamus

-The metathalamus comprises the ______which originate as_______ of the ____ lamina

A

geniculate bodies

slight outward bulgings

alar

73
Q

Epithamus

  • The epithalamus includes the pineal body, the posterior commissure, & the trigonum habenulæ.
  • The pineal body arises as an (upward or downward?) evagination of the (cranial or caudal?) part of roof-plate of diencephalon, immediately in front of the____
  • this evagination becomes solid with the exception of its (proximal of distal ?) part, which persists as the ______
A

Upward

Caudal

midbrian

Proximal

recessus pinealis.

74
Q

In lizards the pineal evagination is elongated into a stalk, and its peripheral extremity is expanded into a vesicle, in which a rudimentary ___ and ___ are formed. The stalk becomes solid and nerve fibres make their appearance in it, so that in these animals the pineal body forms a____

A

lens and retina

rudimentary eye.

75
Q

The posterior commissure is formed by the ingrowth of fibres into the depression (infront or behind?) & (above or below?) the___ evagination

A

Behind

Below

pineal

76
Q

the trigonum habenulæ is developed (in front of or behind?) the pineal recess

A

In Front of

77
Q

Hypothalamus

-From the (alar or basal?) laminæ of the diencephalon

A

basal

78
Q

the pars mamillaris hypothalami is developed and this comprises the_____ & the (anterior or posterior?) part of the_____

A

corpora mamillaria

Posterior

tuber cinereum.

79
Q

The corpora mamillaria arise as a (single or double ?) thickening, which becomes divided into __ by a median furrow during the 3rd month.

A

Single

2

80
Q

Telecephalon

  • Consists of a median portion & 2 lateral diverticulae.
  • The median portion forms the (anterior or posterior ?) part of the cavity of the 3rd ventricle, and is closed below and in front by the______
  • The lateral diverticulae consist of outward pouchings of the (alar or basal ?) laminæ
  • the cavities represent the____ ventricles, and their walls become thickened to form the nervous matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
A

Anterior

lamina terminalis.

Alar

lateral

81
Q

Pituitary Gland

  • The hypophysis cerebri is ___dermal in origin
  • Develops from 2 sources
  • An upgrowth from _____ of _____
  • A downgrowth from neuroectoderm of diencephalon- the______
A

ecto

ectodermal roof of stomodeum

neurohypophysial bud

82
Q

______ , a person divides each cerebral hemisphere into 3 fundamental parts, viz., the ____, the _____, and the _______

A

Elliott-Smith

rhinencephalon; corpus striatum; neopallium

83
Q

The_____ represents the oldest part of the telencephalon

A

rhinencephalon

84
Q

The Rhinencephalon

  • forms almost the whole of the hemisphere in ___,___,and____
  • In man it is ____ developed in comparison with the rest of the hemisphere
  • comprises the following parts, viz., the___ lobe, the___ perforated substance, the septum pellucidum, the___and__calossal, and ____gyri, the fornix, the hippocampus, and the uncus.
A

fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.

feebly

olfactory; anterior; subcallosal, supracallosal; dentate

85
Q

olfactory lobe consists of the____ and____ and the______

A

olfactory tract

bulb

trigonum olfactorium

86
Q

Corpus Striatum

  • The corpus striatum appears in the ___ week as a __shaped thickening of the (roof or floor?) of the telencephalon between the____ and _____, and continuous behind with the ____ part of the diencephalon
  • It increases in size, and by the ____ month is seen as a swelling in the floor of the future___ ventricle
A

4th

triangular
Floor

optic recess and the interventricular foramen

thalamic

2nd; lateral

87
Q

The neopallium
-The neopallium forms the remaining, and by far the greater, part of the cerebral hemisphere.

T/F

A

T

88
Q

The neopallium Consists, at an early stage, of a relatively large, more or less hemispherical cavity—the primitive ___ ventricle—enclosed by a thin wall from which the____ of the hemisphere is developed.
-The vesicle expands in all directions, but more especially ____ and ____

A

lateral; cortex

upward and backward

89
Q

by the ____ month the cerebral hemispheres cover the diencephalon, by the __ month they overlap the mid-brain, and by the___ month the hind-brain

A

3rd

6th

8th

90
Q

Abnormal development of the brain is common or rare
_per __ births
And why?

A

Common

3 per 1000 births Because of the complexity of its embryological history

91
Q

Neural Tube Defects: Rostral

(1) Exencephaly : large amount of ___and absence of____. It is considered to be an embryological precursor of____

(2) Meroanencephaly
- 1 /1000 births;
- ___ and ___ partially or totally absent
- perinatal mortality

A

protruding brain tissue ;calvarium; anencephaly

skull & brain

92
Q

Meroanencephaly occurs more in males

T/F

A

F

Females
About 2-4x than in males

93
Q

Meningocele

  • aka____ or ____
  • parts of ____/___/____system protrude outside skull
  • mental disability depends on____

Microcephaly
-calvaria & brain are ____

A

Meningocencephalocele or Meningohydroencephalocele

meninges

brain

ventricular

extent; small

94
Q

Those with microcephaly are not mentally retarded

T/F

A

F

They are

Infact they are grossly mentally retarded

95
Q

In Agenesis of corpus callosum seizures & mental are rare

T/F

A

F

Common

96
Q

Patients with Agenesis of corpus callosum may be asymptomatic

T/F

A

T

97
Q

Holoprosencephaly
-having _____ leading to ___ ventricles merging to 1 large ventricle

Hydranencephaly
-____hemispheres are absent/represented by_____

A

small forebrain

lateral

cerebral; membranous sacs

98
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation- 1/1000 births
-condition in which brain tissue extends into the_____, present at birth.
It occurs when part of the skull is abnormally___ or ___

A

spinal canal

small or misshapen.

99
Q

Mental Retardation

-from _____ abnormalities/_____

A

chromosomal

mutant gene

100
Q

______is the commonest cause of mental retardation

A

Maternal alcohol abuse

101
Q

Abnormal histogenesis of cerebral cortex can result in ____ & various degrees of mental retardation

A

seizures

102
Q

Submental intellectual development may result from exposure of embyo/foetus during ____ to____week period of development to certain ___ & high levels of____

A

8- to 16-

viruses; radiation

103
Q

Prenatal factors may be involved in the development of cerebral palsy

T/F

A

T

104
Q

General Causative factors of neural tube disorders

•_____,_____,_____

A

Genetic

Nutritional

Environmental

105
Q

Stages of Cellular Activity

-6 distinct stages

List them

A

Neurogenesis

  • Cell migration
  • Differentiation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Neuronal cell death
  • Synaptic rearrangement
106
Q

In Cell migration

  • they go to specific ____along radial glia
  • later: along____
A

“brain” locations

other neurons

107
Q

In Differentiation

  • into specific neuron types
  • either by ____:influenced by surrounding cells
  • or ______
A

induction

cell-autonomous

108
Q

In Neuronal cell death

  • apoptosis: programmed cell death
  • ____% of neurons in a region die
  • it is genetically programmed
  • due to lack of _____ factors
A

20-80

neurotrophic

109
Q

Alpha motor neurons are derived from alar plates

T/F

A

F

Basal

110
Q

Spinal trigeminal nucleus is derived from alar plates

T/F

A

T

Ana 203 Part B (15 decks)

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