Brainstem Flashcards
Brainstem is located in the_____ cranial fossa.
-Its ventral surface lies on the____.
posterior
clivus
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the______
cavity of the fourth ventricle
MID BRAIN
-It is about____ cm long and____ cm wide
-connects the ____brain with the ___brain. -Its cavity,_____ (aka _____) connects
the___ ventricle with the—— ventricle. -
2.5; 2.5
hind; fore
the cerebral aqueduct; aqueduct of Sylvius
third; fourth
The midbrain passes through the ____notch.
tentorial
Midbrain is related on each side to the____ tract,_____ gyrus, ____artery, and___ vein
- anteriorly to the____ structures, viz.____,___, etc
- posteriorly to the____,____ vein,____ body and posterior ends of____ and _____
optic
parahippocampal
posterior cerebral
basal
interpeduncular; mammillary bodies; tuber cinereum
splenium of corpus callosum; great cerebral; pineal; right and left thalami
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
-the anteriormost structure is the ____and the posteriormost is the____
crus cerebri ; inferior colliculus
crus cerebri has 3 sections: the section for the____ nuclei,_____ nuclei, and the_____ nuclei
frontopontine
corticospinal/nuclear
temporal/occipital/parietal pontine
region between crus cerebri and inferior colliculus is called the____
tegmentum
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
in the tegmentum region, right behind the crus cerebri,we have the____ .
substantial nigra
Substantial nigra has 2 parts: Pars____(the dark ____neurons)and pars____ (the lighter_____ neurons)
compacta; dopaminergic
reticularis; gabanergic
The pars compacta of the substantial nigra contains melanin
T/F
T
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
behind the substantial nigra are some ascending tracts on the lateral walls eg is the_____, then behind that is the_____(taking sensations from the___), then the_____, and finally the_____ (___pathways)
medial lemniscus(DCML)
trigeminal lemniscus; face
spinal lemniscus
lateral lemniscus; auditory
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
now, the central stuffs. From back to front;
——for NE,____ for serotonin ,and___ nucleus of____, all at the 2 sides of the____ that is surrounded by the ____matter
Locus coreulus
ralphe nucleus
mesemcephalic; CN5
cerebral aqueduct
periaqudectual gray
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
just anterior to the cerebral aqueduct is the _____connecting CN-,-,-
-anterior to it is the___ fibers and anterior to that is____ fibers and finally anterior to that we have the____ of the____ fibers from the cerebellum to the____ or ____ and finally to the____
medial longitudinal fasciculus
346
tectospinal
rubrospinal
decussation; superior cerebellar peduncles; red nucleus or thalamus; cortex
crus cerebri+ tegmentum =______
cerebral peduncle
transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus
CN4 comes out of the mid Brain in the region of the____
-nuclei of CN—- ,—-, and —— come from the midbrain
3,4, and mesencephalic nuclei of 5
the base of the mid brain(aka ____): contains the FALX___;
basis pedunculi
cerebri
reticular formation can be seen in the midbrain
T/F
F
transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus
Presence or absence of lateral lemniscus at this level
Absence
transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus
- now from the front to the back:___ nucleus immediately behind the crus cerebri (middle portion of tegmentum), it decussates___ (______decussation) to later form the___ fibers;
- then behind that we have the ____decussation that originated from the____ and goes___ after decussation to form the____ fibers
red
anteriorly
ventral tegmental
rubrospinal
dorsal tegmental ; superior colliculus; down; tectospinal
transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus
occulomotor nerves pass this region but only supply____ neuron to____ muscles (GSE)
- ____nucleus is also found associated with the occulomotor nerve but this innervates___ structures like___ muscles, etc; GVE
- we also have the pretectal nuclei. Stimulated by___ nerves, and then provides bilateral stimulation to the____ nucleus that goes to innervate the_____
motor; skeletal
edinger westphal; visceral; smooth
optic; edinger westphal
ciliary body
Edinger westphal nucleus
Sympathetic or parasympathetic
they are parasympathetic
red nucleus contains blood vessels
T/F
T
-fiber connection between the____ and_____ is called the brachium of IC
inferior colliculus; medial geniculate nucleus
nigrostriatal pathway is between____ and_____
SN
lentiform nucleus
cerebellorubro fibers go from the ____i to the____ through the____ and from that to the____ then___. OR straight from the ____i to the____ then ____
deep cerebellar nucle
red nucleus
superior cerebellar peduncle
thalamus
cortex
deep nucle
thalamus then cortex
descending fibers form the red nucleus can go to the___ in the medulla and then through the____ peduncle back to the___
inferior olives
inferior cerebrally
cerebellum
connection from the___,___, and____ is called brachium of SC
frontal eye field
retina
visual cortex
PONS
- Pons is about__ cm long and forms the___ half of the____ of the___ ventricle
- the median plane, it presents a vertical groove, the____ groove, which lodges the___ artery.
- The trigeminal nerve is attached to this surface by two roots: a_____ and _____ root
2.5; upper; floor; fourth
basilar; basilar
small motor and a large sensory
The motor root of CN5 and the sensory root of CN5
Which lies lateral to which
Sensory lies lateral to motor
The superior cerebellar arteries curve along the____ border of pons , intervening between the____ and ____ nerves.
superior
oculomotor and trochlear
The anterior inferior cerebellar arteries curve round the____ border of pons
inferior
Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
- from___ body to the front is the___ portion of the pons
- from____ body backwards is the____ region of the pons
trapezoid; basillar
Trapezoid; tegmentum
Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
pontine nuclei in the_____ portion of the pons receive descending motor fibers from the___ and send_____ fibers to the ___lateral ___ through the ____lateral ——-
basillar; cortex
pontocerebellar
contra; cerebellum
contra; middle cerebellar peduncle
Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
now in the tegmentum region , we have some fibers arranged from medial to lateral as :
______, _____,____,_____
medial lemniscus;trigeminal lemniscus; spinal lemniscus; lateral lemniscus
Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
behind the lateral lemniscus is the____ tract that comes through the medulla, pons, and even to mid Brain then leaves to enter____ through the_____
-in the middle of the tegmentum region, from front to back, we have the____ tract,____ tract, and the______
ventral spinocerebellar; cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncles
rubrospinal; tectospinal; medial longitudinal fasciculus
Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
then we have the___ nucleus and principal___ nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the___ region of the pons too
- apparently____ ventricle dey here o
- the posterior boundary of the pons at this level is called the_____
- there’s a little portion of the___ cerebellar peduncle at the_____ region of the pons
motor; sensory; tegmentum
fourth
superior medullary velum
superior
posterolateral
velum: thin layers that form—- part of cerebellum and___ of 4th ventricle ;we have____ and ____ velum
anterior; roof
superior medullary and inferior medullary
in the midline of pons ,is the___ sulcus and lying on that is an artery that gives ____arteries and goes to____.
pontine
short pontine
supply the brain
Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve
-lateral lemniscus formed or not,
Not
Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve
- ___nucleus of CN5 starts here and goes___
- various nucleus of CN7 , send axons that wrap around the____ nucleus
spinal; down
abducens
trigeminal lemniscus starts at what point and goes in what direction
Pons.. level of facial and abducens nerve
Goes up
Which parts of the vestibular nucleus cant be found in pons, can’t be found in the pons and where can it be found
superior, medial, and lateral parts of the vestibular nucleus complex can be found here but not the inferior bit that is in the medulla
Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve
vestibular nucleus complex sends fibers through the inferior cerebral peduncle to the______ . ;
-there is___ and ____ cochlear nuclei in this region and they are separated by a tiny piece of the_____
vestigial nucleus in the cerebellum
dorsal and ventral
inferior cerebellar peduncle
How is medial longitudinal fasciculus formed
Vestibular nucleus complex can stimulate the contralateral CN6 that further stimulates CN 3 and 4 to form the medial longitudinal fasciculus
superior olivary nucleus is found where???
Pons. Level of facial nerve and abducens nerve
facial colliculus is a little depression in the _____formed by the_____
fourth ventricle
turning of the facial fibers over the abducens nucleus
Which cranial nerves are found at the pons
CN 6,7,8 and part of 5
Which lemnisci is found in the upper part of pons and which is found in the lower
Upper -4 lemnisci: medial, trigeminal, spinal and lateral
Lower-2 lemnisci: medial and spinal
Presence of trapezoid body and nucleus in the upper and lower part of pons
T/F
F.
It’s absent in the upper part
Blood Supply of the Pons
The pons is supplied by the following arteries:
• Numerous (pontine) branches from the____ artery.
•______ artery.
basilar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
MEDULLA
- The medulla is shaped like a______(___-like)
- Medulla oblongata measures about___ cm in length,__ cm in breadth (at the widest part) and___ cm in
thickness) . - The medulla contains vital centres which are essential for life. These are: (a)___ centre, (b)____ centre, and (c)_____ centre.
truncated cone ; bulb
3; 2; 1.25
cardiac; vasomotor; respiratory
Medulla provides attachment to ___cranial nerves.
-central canal of medulla widens___ and move___ to form___ part of___ ventricle
last four
above
dorsally
lower
4th
External Features
- divided into right and left symmetrical halves by_____ and_____
- anterolateral sulcus between ____ and ____= CN_____
- posterolateral sulcus between _____ and ______=CN________
anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus
pyramid and olives; 12
olives and inferior cerebellar peduncle; 9,10,11
Pyramids of the medulla
- produced by the____ fibres.
- Most of these fibres about (—%) cross to the opposite side (___decussation) in the___ part of medulla and then descend as____ corticospinal tract in the____ of the spinal cord.
- About___% of uncrossed fibres run downwards as____ corticospinal tract in the___ of the spinal cord
- the remaining —% run downwards along with uncrossed fibres in the____ of the spinal cord
corticospinal (pyramidal)
75; pyramidal; lower; lateral; lateral white column
20; anterior; anterior white column
5; lateral white column
Olives.
- These are —-shaped elevations,located ____ to the pyramids
- are produced by an underlying mass of__ matter called_____
oval
posterolateral
grey
inferior olivary nucleus
Posterior features of medulla
Closed part
From medial to lateral these are:_____,_____,_____.
fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, and inferior cerebellar peduncle
Posterior features of medulla
Closed part
The upper ends of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus expand to form the ____ and _____respectively due to____ of the same name.
gracile and cuneate tubercles
underlying nuclei
Posterior features of medulla
Closed part
Another elevation present lateral to cuneate tubercle, is the _____ and is produced by the ____nucleus of___ nerve.
Tuber cinerum
spinal ; trigeminal
Posterior features of medulla
Open part
The open part of the medulla forms the___ part of the___ of____ ventricle
lower
floor
fourth
List some features of open part of posterior medulla
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
median sulcus hypoglossal tiangle vagal triangles vestibular areas area postrema stria medullaris, etc.
The medulla is supplied by the following arteries: • \_\_\_\_\_\_arteries. • \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_arteries. • \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_arteries. •\_\_\_\_ artery.
Two vertebral
Anterior and posterior spinal
Anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar
Basilar
Function of Olivary nuclei
Relay information associated with voluntary muscle movement to the cerebellum
The bulbar paralysis is characterised by the paralysis of muscles supplied by____ nerves arising from the____.
last four cranial
medulla
The ridge covering the anterior and lateral aspect of pons is composed of longitudinal bundles
T/F
T
Pons receives efferent fibers from the Dentate nucleus
T/F
F
The fibers of the crus cerebri split up into longitudinal bundles of the pons
T/F
T
A section of the midbrain at level of superior colliculus will show
Trochlear nerve nucleus
Corticospinal tract
Medial longitudinal bundle
T/F
F
T
T
Lesion at tegmentum of midbrain is called ___ syndrome
Causes:
Flaccid paralysis of eye on same side
Cerebellar ataxia
Red nucleus rigidity
T/F
Benedikt
F
T
T
The ridge covering the anterior and lateral aspect of pons is composed of longitudinal bundles
T/F
T
Pons receives efferent fibers from the Dentate nucleus
T/F
F
The fibers of the crus cerebri split up into longitudinal bundles of the pons
T/F
T
