Cerebrum Flashcards
The cerebral cortex
- the outermost layer of__ matter making up the____ aspect of the cerebrum
- ____thick
- total area =____
- contain_____ cells
- most of the neurons Are of 3 types
- ____ ,____ and____ cells
- cortex + thalamus =____ system
gray; superficial
2-5mm
1/4 of a square meter
100billion
granular; pyramidal; fusiform
thalmocortical
granular cells of the cerebrum function in intracortical processing of___ signals
While pyramidal and fusiform cells function in——-
incoming
almost all output fibers from the cortex
lobes of the cerebrum are seperated by—— ,——, and—— sulcus
central
lateral
parietooccipital
FRONTAL LOBE
-located deep to—— bone
frontal
——- primary lobe plays an important role in being able to initiate and stop Tasks
Frontal
Motor area:
- area__
- located in____ gyrus and—— lobule
- represented——- on an homunculus
- controls—— activity of the____ Half of the brain
4
precentral; para central
upside down
voluntary; opposite
Paracentral lobule controls motor and sensory innervations of the——— and is also responsible for control of—— and——.
contralateral lower extremity
defecation; urination
Premotor area:
- area__
- located on the——- parts of superior, inferior,and middle frontal gyrus
- controls—— system
6
posterior
extra pyramidal
Supplemental motor area
- area __
- located——— to paracentral lobe
- controls movement on——- side of the brain
6
anterior
contralateral
The inferior frontal gyrus includes____ area
Broca’s
Frontal eye field
- area — and —-
- ___part of____ frontal gyrus
- controls——- conjugate movement of the eye
6,8
posterior; middle
horizontal
Prefrontal cortex
- area — and —- and—- and ——
- located at the____ part of the frontal lobe
9,10 ,11,12
remaining large
—— area of frontal lobe controls emotion,concentration, attention , initiative, judgment,personality
Prefrontal cortex area
——- primary lobe plays an important role in abstract thought
Frontal lobe
Broca’s area
- areas—— and ——
- In 1982, Dr. ___broca described a patient who could only say the word ‘__’. Found damage in____ hemisphere
- blood supply to the Broca’s area is by ——artery
44,45
Paul ; tam
left cerebral
middle meningeal
Broca’s area is found on ——hemisphere most times
Left
List the parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
pars opercularis,orbitalis,triangularis
Broca’s area is located at the pars opercularis,orbitalis,triangularis
T/F
T
Arrange the parts of the inferior frontal gyrus from rostral to caudal
Pars orbitalis
Pars triangularis
Pars opercularis
—— primary lobe plays major role in sensations and integration of sensations , spatial awareness and perception (proprioception
Parietal lobe
—— area of the frontal lobe plays major role in formation of words , stimulation of muscles of larynx, mouth, soft palate, tongue,and respiration
Broca’s area
Primary somatosensory cortex
- areas ——, —,——
- ranges from____ gyrus to____ part of____ lobule
- blood supply is—— and____——- arteries
3,1,2
post central; posterior; paracentral
anterior
middle
cerebral
——— area of the parietal lobe is involved in processing of tactil and proprioceptive information
Primary somatosensory cortex
Between the parts of the Primary somatosensory cortex, which part has more granular and more pyramidal cells
More granular- 3
More pyramidal- 1,2
Primary somatosensory cortex
receives projection fibers from—— and____ of the thalamus
VPL
VPM
Primary somatosensory cortex receives sensation mostly from___ side of body,some____ from ipsilateral side, and some—-,—— and——- sensations from both sides
contralateral
mouth sensation
pharynx; larynx; perineum
Somatosensory association area
- areas —— and ——
- located on the ——- part of parietal lobe
- extending into—— surface of hemisphere
5,7
superior
median
Secondary somatosensory cortex
- area —-
- located on the——- lip of—— lip of—— fissure
43
superior; post; lateral
Somatosensory cortex area
may assist with visuo-motor coordination
T/F
F
It’s somatosensory association area
——- area of the parietal lobe is primarily involved with interpretation of sensations of taste
Secondary somatosensory cortex
Angular gyrus
- area ——
- directly behind—— gyrus
- receives—— input
39
Supramarginal
visual
Supramarginal gyrus
- area ——
- involved in—— response and ——processing in kids
- also involved in integration of___,—— and—— information
40
emotional
phonological
visual; auditory; somatosensory
Angular gyrus plays a part in language and number processing, memory and reasoning
T/F
T
Insular cortex is involved with 3 things
——- sensations
——-sensations
——-sensations
Gustation
Visceral
Vestibular
Supramarginal gyrus+ Angular gyrus =——— lobe
inferior parietal
vestibular cortex is area —-
2
Primary visual cortex
- area ——
- located in—— lobe;—— wall of——- sulcus
17
occipital
posterior
calcarine
The calcarine sulcus is an anatomical landmark located at the—— end of the—— surface of the brain of humans and other primates
caudal; medial
Visual association area
- area ——
- located ——- the primary visual area
- correlation of visual impulses with past memory and recognition of objects seen and also in depth
19
ontop
Occcipital eye field
- aka———area
- brodman —- area
- for conjugate movement of eyes in the opposite side
secondary visual
18
The preoccipital notch is an indentation approximately—- cm in front of the—- pole on the—— border of the temporal lobe. It is a significant landmark as the occipital lobe lies behind the lateral—— line, joining the preoccipital notch and the—— sulcus.
5
occipital
inferolateral
parietotemporal
parieto-occipital
Largest of all the lobes of the brain is the ——- lobe
Frontal
Frontal lobe Comprises approximately_____ of hemispheric SURAFCE of the brains
a third
The superolateral surface of the frontal lobe has 4 main covolutions- _____, and ____,____ &_______ divided by 2 sulci- the—— & ____sulci.
precentral gyrus
superior
middle
inferior frontal gyri
superior; inferior frontal
The broad middle frontal gyrus is often divided by a____ into___ &____ tiers.
shallow horizontal sulcus
upper; lower
The superior frontal gyrus lies_____ to the superior frontal sulcus, the middle frontal gyrus lies between the____ and _____sulcus.
superior
superior; inferior frontal
-The infrerior frontal gyrus is invaded by the_____&_____ of the ___sulcus, giving rise to——-, ——-,—— of the inferior frontal gyrus.
anterior horizontal
anterior ascending rami
lateral
pars orbitalis, triangularis & opercularis
The pars triangularis & opercularis in the dominant hemisphere are referred to as the _____area.
Broca’s speech
Orbital surface of frontal lobe has a deep straight sulcus medially-____ sulcus.
- The____ lies medial to the olfactory sulcus.
- Lateral to the olfactory sulcus are____
the olfactory
gyrus rectus
a number of orbital gyri whose convolutional patterns are variable.
the orbital sulcus divides the____ into______ and____
orbital gyrus
anterior ;posterior
The lateral surface of the parietal lobe is divided by___ sulci into____ gyri..
2; 3
-post central gyrus is usually continuous
T/F
F
post central gyrus is usually not continuous, but broken up into superior & inferior segments
Running from the middle of the post cental sulcus is the_____ sulcus.
intraparietal
-The intraparietal sulcus has superior to it the ____lobule (gyrus) & inferior to it the_____ lobule (gyrus).
superior parital
inferior parietal
The inferior parietal lobule consists of 2 gyri, The ———- gyrus & the_____ gyrus
the supramarginal
angular
The supramarginal gyrus is found around both banks of the____
Angular gyrus that surrounds the_____ part of the_____
posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus
ascending terminal; superior temporal sulcus.
The temporal lobe occupies the area_____ to the lateral sulcus.
inferior
The lateral surface of the temporal is divided into____ gyri by___ sulci.
3; 2
The superior &____ temporal sulci run parallel to the____ of the lateral sulcus, & divide the temporal lobe into _____,____,_____temporal gyri
middle
posterior ramus
superior, middle & inferior
the inferior temporal gyrus is continued onto the_____ surface of the hemisphere.
inferior
The collateral sulcus courses____ below____ sulcus
anteriorly
calcarine
between the collateral and calcarine sulcus is the____ gyrus
lingual
Anterior to lingual gyrus is____ gyrus and it’s most medial part is the____
parahippocampal
uncus
The medial occipitotemporal gyrus (OTG) extends from the____ lobe to the____ lobe. It is bounded medially by____ &___ sulci & laterally by_____ sulci
occipital
temporal
collateral; rhinal
occipitotemporal
The lateral OTG(———) lies lateral to_____ sulci ; is continuous with______ gyrus
occipitotemporal gyrus
OTS
inferior temporal
Weirnecke’s area
- In year —— , mr ——— noticed damage to another region of the cortex.
- Wernicke’s area is connected to—— area by a____
1967; Karl Wernicke
Broca’s; bundle of nerve fibres.
So Wernicke’s area is concerned with _____ while Broca’s area is concerned with_____
understanding language.
controlling the muscles that produce speech.
On the medial aspect of hemispere, occipital lobe is divided by____ sulcus into the —— and ——-gyrus
- The primary visual cortex (striate) is found on____ banks of the____ sulcus.
- The visual cortex in each hemisphere receives impulses from the temporal half of ___lateral retina & nasal half of ___lateral retina
calcarine
cuneus & lingual
both; calcarine
ipsi; contra
Largest part of diencephalon is the _____
Thalamus
Most sensory input projects to —— part of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
The thalamus Influences mood and actions as fear or rage
T/F
T
Subthalamus
-Involved in controlling____ functions
Epithalamus
-____gland may influence____
motor
Pineal ; sleep-wake cycle
The Cerebral Hemispheres
- The cerebral hemispheres are partially separated from each other by a_______, called the ______ fissure.
- The fissure contains the____-shaped fold of__ mater, called the____, and the ——-arteries.
- In the depths of the fissure, the great commisure, the_____, connects the____ across the mid-line.
deep midline sagittal fissure
longitudinal
sickle; dura; falx cerebri; anterior cerebral
corpus callosum; hemispheres
A 2nd horizontal fold-____ of dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres.
tentorium cerbelli
To increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex maximally the surface of each cerebral hemisphere is thrown into______, which are separated from each other by _____
folds or gryi
sulci or fissures.
Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital,___,____ lobes.
insular; limbic
The —— sulci is classified as a limiting sulci
Main central sulci
The Main sulci
-The central sulcus indents the superior medial border of the hemisphere about____cm behind the mid-point. It runs____ and___ across the lateral aspect of the hemisphere, and its lower end is separated from the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus by________
1cm
downward; forward
a narrow bridge of cortex.
The lateral sulcus
- Begins inferiorly in the____ fossa & extends____, separating the____ &____ lobes.
- Caudally, separates___ &____ lobes.
- Consists of a short stem that divides into___ rami.
- The stem arises on the___ surfaces and on reaching the lateral surface it divides into the___ ramus and the ____ramus, & continues as the____ ramus.
Sylvian; posteriorly
frontal; temporal
parietal; temporal
three
inferior; anterior horizontal; anterior ascending ; posterior
An area of cortex- the insula lies at the____ of the____,—- sulcus
bottom
deep
lateral
The parieto-occipital sulcus
-begins on the____ of the hemisphere about___ inches (5 cm)___ to the occipital pole.
-It passes downward and___ on the____ surface to meet the____ sulcus.
superior median
2
anterior
anteriorly
medial
calcarine
The calcarine sulcus
- is found on the____ surface of the hemisphere.
- It commences under the____ end of the ____and arches___ and____ to reach the____ lobe, where it stops.
- In some brain, however, it continues for a short distance onto the____ surface of the hemisphere.
- The calcarine sulcus is joined at an___ angle by the____ sulcus about halfway along the length
medial
posterior; corpus callosum
upward; backwards; occipital
lateral
acute; parieto-ocipital
Layers of the cerebrum
-The most prominent kind of neurons in the cerebral cortex are____ cells ( Layer__ &__)
-The motor cortex in the precentral gyrus lack___ cells in layers__ &__.
-In somesthetic cortex of postcentral gyrus- lack____ cells in layers—- and —-
pyramidal; III; V
granular; II; IV
pyramidal; III & V.
Which is thicker?
Motor or sensory cortex
Motor cortex thicker than sensory.
Largest commissural fiber of the brains is ——-?
Corpus callosum
CORPUS CALLOSUM
-Lies____ the longitudinal fissure.
beneath
The corpus callosum is divided. Into 4 parts
——-
———
———
———
rostrum
genu
body
Splenium
Corpus callosum Divided into: -rostrum: \_\_\_\_\_end. -genu:\_\_\_\_ end that bends\_\_\_\_ in front of\_\_\_\_ -body - splenium:\_\_\_\_\_\_ portion
thin ant
curved anterior; inferiorly; septum pellucidium
thickened posterior
Forceps minor- fibers of the____ curving——— and ——- into____ lobes.
- Tapetum- fibers extending from____ forming the____ and —— of____ horn of___ ventricle & —— wall of inferior horn.
- Forceps major- fibers from___ curving___ and ___ into the____ lobe.
genu ;laterally & forward; frontal
body ;roof & lateral wall; posterior; lateral
lateral
splenium; laterally & backward; occipital
Anterior Commissure
- A small anterior part interconnects _____on the 2 sides
- Larger posterior part interconnects regions of _____ and ——- _____ gyri
olfactory structures
middle & inferior
temporal
Posterior Commissure
- Bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline immediately above the_____
- Related to inferior part of____
- Fibers from____ nuclei to the ____nuclei, involved in_____ reflex cross here.
opening of cerebral aqueduct into 3rd ventricle.
pineal stalk.
pretectal; Edinger-Westphal ; consensual light
The Fornix
-Fornix composed of ____linated nerve fibers & constitute_____ system of hippocampal formation that passes to_____ of ____alamus.
mye; efferent; mammilary bodies; hypoth
Alveus- a thin layer of white matter on the____.These converge medially to form the___, which in turn transforms into the____
hippocampus
fimbria
crus of the fornix.
The crus of Fornix from each side curves___ and____ beneath the___ of____ and around the____ surface of the thalamus.
- The 2 crura converge to form the___ of the fornix. The 2 crura are connected by ___fibers - the commissure of the fornix.
- Anteriorly, the body of fornix is connected to the_____ of the corpus callosum by the____
- Body of fornix splits ___riorly into ____of fornix.
posteriorly; superiorly
splenium; corpus callosum; posterior
body; transverse
undersurface; septum pellucidum.
ante; 2 columns
Each column of fornix curves____ and ____ over the interventricular foramen & into lateral wall of____ ventricle to reach the______
anteriorly & inferiorly
3rd; mammillary body.
The fornix connects HFs of the 2 sides.
T/F
T
Habenular Commissure
- The habenular commisure is a small bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline in the____ part of the root of the____
- The commissure is associated with the habernular nuclei, which are situated on___ in this region.
- The habernular nuclei receive many afferents from the____ and the___
superior; pineal stalk.
either side of the midline
amygdaloid nuclei; hippocampus
Association Fibers.
- Short association fibers arch thru—— of ——- to connect adjacent convolutions.
- They course_____ to long axis of the___.
floor of each sulcus
transversely; sulci
Long Association Fibers
-Uncinate fasciculus:Compact bundle connecting ___gyri & anterior parts of——- lobe.
-Inferior longitudinal fasciculus: Passes lateral to____ connecting_____ to ____ lobes.
orbital frontal ; temporal
optic radiation; occipital to temporal
Fronto-occipital fasciculus
Long or short association fiber?
Long
Arcuate fasciculus:____ lobe with—— lobe.
-Superior longitudinal fasciculus: Connects anterior part of____ to ___ and ___lobes.
Frontal; temporal
frontal; occipital & temporal
Cingulum: Principal ass fibers on___ aspect of hemisphere
According to slide: Connects ___ and ___lobes with____.
Internet: from the____ gyrus to the _____cortex in the brain
medial
frontal & parietal ; HCF
cingulate; entorhinal
Projection Fibers
- Convey impulses either from___ to____, and vice versa
- Afferent & efferent fibers conveying impulses b/w____ &____ are arranged as a radiating mass- the corona radiata, that converges toward_____
- Near the___ part of___ these fibers form a compact band- internal capsule.
cortex; distant loci
brain stem; cerebral cortex; brain stem.
upper; brain stem
Internal Capsule
- Composed of ascending & descending nerve fibers that connect____ to___ and ——
- Flanked medially by___ &____ and laterally by_____ (___ and ___).
cerebral cortex
brainstem & spinal cord.
Caudate nucleus ; thalamus
lentiform nucleus; GP & Putamen
The internal capsule is rarely involved in vascular disorders of the brain.
T/F
F
Commonest cause of arterial hemorrhage in the cortex is___ in an artery in patient with___. Usually occurs in ___ age & often involves a rupture of the_____ artery of____artery.
arteromatous degeneration; hypertension
hypertension
thin-walled lenticulostriate;middle cerebral
Cerebrum has ____ borders and ___ poles
3 borders
3 poles
Operculated /____ sulcus
Lunate
