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board review part 1 > Spinal Anatomy: CNS & related structures > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy: CNS & related structures Flashcards

1
Q

What does the notocord do?

A

induces ectoderm to formm neuroectoderm (remnant IVD) as nucleus pulposus

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2
Q

what does ectoderm do?

A

forms the neural plate

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3
Q

what does the neural plate form?

A

forms neural groove which houses the spinal cord & brain vesicles

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4
Q

what does the neural plate (brain cells) develop into?

A 
Macroglial cells-
-Oligodendrocytes; 
-Astrocytes
Neurons- CNS
Ependymal cells
Retinal cells
"dont be a MOANER"
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5
Q

what does the endoderm epithelium form?

A

the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures, division foregut/midgut; loiver & pancreatic buds.

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6
Q

what are the parts of the primitive gut?

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut
allantois

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7
Q

what will the foregut form?

A 
glands buccal cavity
esophagus
stomach
pharyngeal pouches
pharynx
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8
Q

what will the midgut form?

A

duodenum
jejunum
appendix
part of transverse colon

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9
Q

what will the hindgut form?

A

part of transverse, sigmoid & descending colon
rectum
upper anal canal

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10
Q

what will the allantois form?

A 
urinary bladder
vagina
urethra
prostate
urethral glands
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11
Q

what will the foramen ovale become?

A

fossa ovalis (between the interatrial septum)

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12
Q

what will the ductus arteriosus become?

A

ligamentum arteriosum (bypasses pulm. trunk to arch of aorta)

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13
Q

ductus venosum becomes?

A

ligamentum venosum (bypasses sinusoids of fetus liver)

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14
Q

umbilical vein becomes?

A

ligamentum teres (round ligament)

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15
Q

Umbilical arteries become?

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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16
Q

Urachus becomes?

A

remnant of duct of allatois

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17
Q

simple squamous does what?where?

A

filtration or diffusion

capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli

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18
Q

ciliated epithelium does what?where?

A

circulate, move, sweep, clean

brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs

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19
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar does what? where?

A

lining

trachea, upper respiratory tract

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20
Q

non-ciliated pseudostartified columnar des what? where?

A

membrane

vas deferens

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21
Q

how many branchial arches are there? AKA?

A

6; pharyngeal arches

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22
Q

Branchial arch 1 does what?

A

mandibular branch of V (V3)

  • Malleus (meckels cartilage)
  • Incus (quadrate cartilage)
  • Muscles of mastication & jaw closing muscles
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23
Q

Branchial arch 2 does what?

A

Facial CN (VII)

  • stapes
  • styloid
  • muscles of facial expression & jaw opening muscles
  • stylohyoid
  • stapedius
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24
Q

Branchial arch 3 does?

A

Glossopharyngeal CN (IX)

  • cornu
  • Hyoid
  • Stylopharyngeus muscle
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25
Q

Branchial arch 4 does?

A

Superior laryngeal of Vagus (X)

  • thyroid cart.
  • Cricoid cart.
  • pharyngeal
  • cricothyroid
  • levator palatine
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26
Q

Branchial arch 6 does?

A

Inferior laryngeal of vagus (X) (recurrent branch)

  • arytenoid
  • corniculate cart.
  • cuneiform cart.
  • Laryngeal muscle
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27
Q

Dermatome C2-T2

A 
C2- back of scalp
C3- nape of neck
C4- shoulders
C5- lateral ARM
C6- Lateral FOREARM and thumb and index finger (1st 2 digits)
C7- middle 2 fingers
C8- pinky and medial forearm
T1- Medial ARM
T2- Axilla
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28
Q

Dermatome T3-T5

A

T3- above nipple
T4- nipple
T5- below nipple

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29
Q

Dermatome L1-L5

A 
L1- inguinal lig. & upper part of thigh
L2- Mid thigh
L3 lower thigh/ knee
L4- medial knee to floor
L5- side of leg to top of foot
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30
Q

Dermatome S1-S4

A

S1- bottom, lateral foot, lateral ankle, post. calf
S2- post. thigh
S3- circumference of anus
S4- perianal

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31
Q

what do glioblasts do?

A

“glue” give rise to astrocytes & oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

What is the most numerous cell of CNS?

A

Astrocyte

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33
Q

what do Astrocytes do?

A

acts like CT, part of BBB, forms “scar like” tissue in injury

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34
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

form Myelin around CNS- 2nd MC cell in CNS

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35
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

Line CNS, ciliated

makes a leaky barrier between CNS & CSF & cerebral aqueduct

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36
Q

what is a microglia?

A

phagocyte (macrophage)

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37
Q

what do neuroblasts do?

A

make neurons

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38
Q

what does commisural mean?

A

between 2 hemispheres

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39
Q

what does association mean?

A

different part, same hemisphere

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40
Q

what does projection mean?

A

lower centers to cerebral cortex

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41
Q

what 2 things make up the CNS?

A

brain & spinal cord

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42
Q

what are the most common neurons?

A

Multipolar

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43
Q

gray matter conatins?

A

cell bodies & dendrites

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44
Q

white matter contains?

A

myelinated axons

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45
Q

what does the BBB do?

A

functions as active transport for glucose & filters

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46
Q

what is a direct extension of the spinal cord?

A

ventricles

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47
Q

what are Primary vesicles? secondary?

A 
Prosencephalon
-telencephalon
-diencephalon
Mesencephalon
-mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon
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48
Q

what does the telencephalon turn into?Diencephalon?

A 
T: forebrain (higher fxn)
-CN1
-cerebral cortex, basal ganglia
D: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, retina, mamillary body, post. pituitary
-CN2
together they form:
lateral ventricles seperated by septum pellucidum
foramen of monroe (1-3rd ventricles)
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49
Q

what does the mesencephalon form?

A

midbrain
CN3 & 4
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius- tectum & cerebral peduncles

50
Q

what does metencephalon turn into? myencephalon?

A

Met: Pons & cerebellum- CN V-VIII
Mye: Medulla Oblangata- CN IX-XII
both form 4th ventricle

51
Q

what is the foramen of magendie?

A

median aperture

52
Q

what is foramina of luschka?

A

Lateral aperture

53
Q

Circle of willis?

A

arterial anastomsis

  1. BS communication between forebrain & hindbrain
  2. anatomically around the pituitary gland & optic chiasm
  3. internal carotid & vertebral Art. supply circle
  4. ant. & post. cerebral, ant. & post. communicating form the circle
54
Q

middle cerebral artery?

A

carries more blood than other arteries (approx. 800ml/min

55
Q

most common place for a cerebral vascular accident is?

A

middle cerebral artery

56
Q

Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) aka?

A

anterior soinal artery

sends 200 branches into ventral aspect of cord

57
Q

posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk provide?

A

blood to post roots of spinal cord

58
Q

cerebral cortex is made up of? AKA?

A
  1. neocortex- 90% of cortex
  2. Allocrtex- 10% of cortex
    AKA: pallium- developed from neural plate
59
Q

diencephalon is mostly formed by? function?

A

thalamus

  1. relay for cortex, processes sensory info, sleep, consciousness
  2. motor relay
60
Q

basal ganglia is responsible for?

A

postural adjustments, steadying voluntary movements, enkephalins
Includes: corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus & claustrum

61
Q

striatal lesions of basal ganglia cause?

A

tremors (parkinsons, huntingtons chorea, ballism)

62
Q

telencephalon nuclei include?

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
basal ganglia

63
Q

mesencephalon nuclei include?

A

substantia nigra

subthalamic

64
Q

corpus striatum nuclei include?

A

striate body

head of the caudate & putamen

65
Q

lentiform nucleus includes?

A 
globus pallidus (medial)
putamen (lateral)
66
Q

Brainstem is?

A

a. made up of MO, pons, midbrain
b. conduit for ascending & descending tracts
c. contains reflex centers associated with respiration, CV, & consciousness
d. contains important nuclei of CN III-XII

67
Q

meninges from inside-out?

A

pia
arachnoid
dura mater
(PAD)

68
Q

what is epidural filled with?

A

fat and veins

69
Q

where is the subarachnoid space?

A

between archnoid and pia

70
Q

ependymal cells are the innermost layer of?

A

neural tube

71
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce?

72
Q

arachnoid granulations do what?

A

resorb CSF

73
Q

how much CSF is in ventricles? in adult total?

A

~25ml in ventricles

CSF 140-270ml in adult

74
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

75
Q

dorsal roots are?

A

sensory- Afferent

76
Q

ventral roots are?

A

motor- Efferent

77
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

78
Q

where does the conus medullaris end?

79
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

horses tail

roots for lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves through lumbar cistern

80
Q

midbrain is made up of?

A

tectum & peduncles

81
Q

fxn of cerebral aqueduct?

A

CSF exchange between 3rd & 4th ventricles

82
Q

cerebral peduncles consist of?

A

tegmentum
substantia nigra
crus cerebri
CNIII, IV

83
Q

what causes the black color in substantia nigra?

A

dopamine from tyrosine

melanin is a by-product

84
Q

crus cerebri consists of?

A

it is part of the cerebral peduncle

  • corticospinal
  • corticopontine
  • corticobulbar
  • corticomesencephalic fibers
85
Q

function of cerebellum?

A

integration of momentary static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual & auditory input regarding equilibrium

86
Q

vermis is?

A

medial cerebellum

87
Q

paleocerebellar is?

A

anterior; general muscle tone

88
Q

neocerebellar is?

A

post- coordination of skilled movements

89
Q

archicerebllar is?

A

flocculonodular

equilibrium

90
Q

white matter is?

A

aka corpus medullare, afferent, efferent, commisural 7 association fibers

91
Q

gray matter neuron cell types?

A

purkinje, golgi II, stellate, basket, granular

92
Q

blood supply to cerebellum?

A

branches of vertebral & basilar arteries

93
Q

what is the most common cell in the cerebellum?

94
Q

cerebellar nuclei, medial to lateral?

A 
fastigial
globus
emboliform
dentate
"flowers grow every day"
95
Q

deiters nuclei is in?

A

lateral vestibular

96
Q

meynerts nuclei

A

forebrain; has ACH

97
Q

raphe nuclei

A

MO; serotonin

98
Q

lenticular nuclei

A

part of corpus striatum

99
Q

centromedian nucleus of thalamus is the largest?

A

intralaminar of dorsal thalamus

100
Q

thalamus does?

A

crude sensation & integrations “relay center”

101
Q

Cortex does?

A

conscious interpretation & movement

102
Q

where is the main pathway bwn thalamus and cortex?

A

through internal capsule & corona radiata

103
Q

postcentral gyrus id primary_cortex

104
Q

precentral gyrus is primary _ cortex

105
Q

Descending tracts vs. Ascending tracts

A

Descending: MOTOR; Efferent; ventral-basal plates
Ascending: SENSORY; Afferent; dorsal- alar plates
“S.A.M.E.”

106
Q

descending tracts consist of?

A 
corticospianl
reticulospinal
tectospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
107
Q

ascending tracts consist of?

A 
lateral spinothalamic
ant. spinothalamic
dorsal columns (fasiculus cuneatus [arm] & gracilis [feet/legs])
post. spinocerebellar
ant. spinocerebellar
spinotectal
spinoreticular
108
Q

cotricospinal (pyramidal) fucntions? origins & destinations? notes? Lateral & anterior?

A

F: precise & skilled voluntary movements
O/D: 1st, 2nd motor cortex, parietal lobe
- internuncial neurons or alpha motor neurons
* most will cross at decussation of pyramids & descend as lateral corticospinal tracts
*some continue as ant. corticospinal tracts
Conscious
Lateral tract: length of cord
Anterior: stops mid-thoracic

109
Q

reticulospinal (pontine & medullay fxn? Origin & destinations?

A

F: inhibit or facilitate voluntary movements
O/D: reticular formation; alpha & gamma motor neurons
*cross at various locations

110
Q

TECTOspinal fxn? origin & destination?

A

F: reflex postural movement to visual stimuli

O/D: superior colliculus (midbrain); alpha & gamma motor neurons

111
Q

Rubrospinal “red” fxn? origin/destination?

A

F: facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors
O/D: red nucleus (midbrain); Alpha & gamma motor neruons
**recieved cerebral & cerebellar info.

112
Q

Vestibulospinal fxn? Origin/destination?

A

F: facilitates extensors & inhibits flexors
O/D: lateral vestibular nucleus; alpha & gamma motor neurons
* recieves inner ear & cerebellar information

113
Q

Lateral spinothalamic fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F: pain & temp
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd substantia gelatinosa, 3rd post lateral nucleus of thalamus>postcentral gyrus
N: incoming nerve branches 1-2 segments up 7 down as Tract of Lissauer NT of 1st order Substance P
C: syringomyelia- fluid filled cyst leads to cape-like (bilateral) loss of pain & temp.

114
Q

Anterior spinothalamic fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F: protopathic is defensive to pain, temp; crude light touch
P: 1st post. root ganglion, 2nd substantia gelatinosa, 3rd post lat. nucleus of thalamus> postcentral gyrus
N: tract of lissauer (Pain)
C: tactile sensation

115
Q

Dorsal Columns (fasciculus cuneatous; fasciculous Gracilis) fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F: discriminate touch (2 point), Vibration & conscious proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nuclei gracilis/cutaneous, 3rd post. lat. nucleus of thalamus> postcentral gyru
N: Cuneatous (Arm)- above T6; Gracilis (feet/Legs)- below T6; 2nd order neurons are called internal arcuate fibers
C: Diabetes mellitus, posterolateral sclerosis, MS, tabes dorsalis (syphilis) all affect the dorsal columns

116
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F:unconscious; proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nucleus dorsalis (Clarks column) ascend through Inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum
N: clarks column spans C8-L4
C: “PI” posterior inferior peduncle

117
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F: unconscious; proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nucleus dorsalis cross segmentally & ascend through superior cerebellar peduncle to cerbellum
N: some fibers dont cross; fibers which cross, cross back to the ipsilateral side inside the cerebellum
C: “AS” anterior superior peduncle

118
Q

Spinotectal fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?

A

F: spino visual reflexes
P: 1st posterior root ganglion, 2nd cross segmentally & ascend to superior colliculus (midbrain)
N: movements of eyes & head toward stimulus
C: Aka: spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott

119
Q

Spinoreticular fxn? pathway? clinical?

A

F: levels of conciousness
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd ascend to nuclei of reticular formation (brainstem)
C: if the spinoreticular tract is damaged, coma will be present

120
Q

which 2 tracts work together to help you stand?

A

rubrospinal & vestibulospinal

board review part 1 (30 decks)

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