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board review part 1 > Phys: Renal > Flashcards

Phys: Renal Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the kidney?

A

waste excretion
electrolyte balance
BP control
acid base balance

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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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3
Q

explain the kidney:

A

it is an excretory organ with an ENDOCRINE fxn.
it has 2 parts:
Cortex
Medulla

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons? how many nephrons in thebody?

A

Cortical- 80%
Juxta-medullary- 20%
nearly 1 million nephrons in the body. Cannot be regenerated.

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5
Q

what makes up the nephron?

A

Glomerulus- enveloped in a double layer Bowmans capsule
Two convuluted tubules- proximal & distal
two parts of the Loop of henle- two parts a thick and thin ascending, and a thin descending

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6
Q

what are the 2 hormones that are secreted by the kidney?

A

erythropoeitin

renin

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7
Q

what hormones act on the kidney?

A 
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
1,25 dihydroxycalciferol
parathormone
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8
Q

the kidneys function is dependent on?

A

blood flow

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9
Q

how much does the kidney use of the cardiac out put?

A

20% (1 liter/min)

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10
Q

how much of the renal blood flow is the renal PLASMA flow?

A

60% (600 mL/minute)

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11
Q

course of blood flow in the kidney?

A

Renal art> interlobar> arcuate> interlobULAR> Afferent arteriole (in)> Glomerulus> Efferent arteriole (out)> peritubular cap.> Venules> interlobUlar vein> Arcuate vein> interlobar vein> renal vein> IVC

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12
Q

urine flow?

A

collecting duct> Calyx> renal pelvis> Ureter> bladder> urethra

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13
Q

how much do you filtrate a day?

A

180 L

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14
Q

purpose of bowmans capsule?

A

filtration due to fenestrations
pressure is -18 mm Hg
it pushes water back into the capillary

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15
Q

proximal tubule fxn?

A 
reabsorption
100% of AA & glucose are filtered here
80% of bicarbonate & phoshate
60-70% of Na+ (exchanged for H+), Ca++, K+
50% H2O and urea
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16
Q

podocytes are?

A

cells that form filtration membrane

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17
Q

loop of henle fxn?

A

concentration

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18
Q

vasa recta are?

A

thin-walled vessels, parallel loop of henle

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19
Q

distal tubule does?

A

aldosterone works here to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

20
Q

reabsorption of filtrate in prox. tubule? distal tubule?

A

65% end of prox.

99% end of distal

21
Q

what is the normal GFR?

A

120-125 mL/min

determined by hydrostatic pressure

22
Q

what does hyrdostatic pressure?

A

pushes water out of the capillary (+60 mm Hg)

23
Q

what does oncotic pressure do?

A

pulls water back into capillary (-32 mm Hg)

24
Q

what is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

180 mg/dL- once reached glucose will pass through the urine

25
Q

what is the thin descending loop of henle permeable to?impermeable? purpose?

A

H2O
impermeable: urea
P: concentrate the urine

26
Q

what is the thick ascending part impermeable to? purpose?

A

H2O

it is the diluting segment of the loop

27
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells for?

A

mechanoreceptors for BP entrance afferent arteiole

28
Q

what are macula densa for?

A

chemoreceptors for JG cells
sensitive to Na+ conc.
located in the DCT

29
Q

Aldosterone is from? purpose?

A

from Zona Glomerulosa
absorbs Na+, excretes K+
results from RA system
thus water

30
Q

renin is from? stimulated by?

A

JG apparatus

stim. by dec. in pressure in afferent arterioles

31
Q

erythropoeitin does?

A

RBC production

32
Q

why is the RAA system stimulated? explain

A

drop in BP
Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone system
Angiotensinogen- protein produced in liver
Renin- enzyme made by JG cells
Angiotensin I- travels in blood
ACE- made in lungs (converts angio I into angio II)
Angiotensin II- constricts BV (inc. BP), stimulates release of- Aldosterone- inc. bp by inc. Na+ reabsorption

33
Q

renin converts?

A

angitoensinogen> angintensin I

34
Q

ACE converts?

A

angiotensin I> angitensin II

35
Q

respiratory acidosis is? cause? compensate?

A

inc pCO2 & dec pH
HYPOventilation: COPD & CHF
renal: inc H+, inc HCO3-

36
Q

respiratory alkalosis is? cause? compensate?

A

dec. pCO2 & inc pH
HYPERventilation
renal: dec. H+, dec. HCO3-

37
Q

Metabolic acidosis is? cause? compensate?

A

dec. HCO3-, dec. pH
diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal dysfx, Aspirin overdose
respiratory:Hyperventilation

38
Q

metabolic alkalosis is? cause? compensate?

A

inc. HCO3-, inc pH
drugs, vomiting, diuretics: conns disease
respiratory: hypoventilation

39
Q

what does ADH do?

A

increases water perm in the collecting ducts by acting on the aquaporins
secreted by supra-optic nucleus in the hypothalamus

40
Q

what does ANP do?

A

decrease Na+ reabsorption in the DCT; results in increased urine ouput
peptide hormone produced in the atrial myocardial fibers

41
Q

what does 1,25 dihydroxycarboxylase do?

A

acts on DCT by increasing Ca++ absorption

it is the active form of Vit. D

42
Q

what is the pH of the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

43
Q

what is volatile acid?

A

produced when CO2 reacts with h2O to form carbonic acid

44
Q

what are examples non-volatile acid?

A 
lactic acid
suulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
keto-acids-acetone
acetoacetate
hydroxybutrate
45
Q

what is the major buffer in the blood?

A

bicarbonate

board review part 1 (30 decks)

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