specific cancers - patho E4 Flashcards
lung cancer
-leading cause of cancer related deaths
-70% present w/ advanced or metastatic cancer
-early dx is key
->65yr
-African American most affected
other risk factors for lung cancer
passive smoke, COPD, asbestos, radon, arsenic, genetics, other
lung cancer patho
carcinogen overload -> genetic predisposition -> paralyze the cilia -> lesion development progresses to cancer -> activation of oncogenes -> deactivation of tumor suppressor genes -> rapid proliferation/destruction/invasion
non small cell lung cancer
-makes up about 85-90% of all lung cancers
-slow growing
small cell lung cancer
rapidly growing tumor that tends to metastasize quickly
paraneoplastic ACTH in lung cancer
-involves lung tumor secretion of the ACTH
-the inappropriate secretion of ACTH can chemically resemble melanocyte stimulating hormone
person with lung cancer w/ this will appear tan
breast cancer
-the 2nd most common cancer in the US (1/8)
-most develop from lining in ducts
-over expressed estrogen receptors (ER-pos)
-over expressed human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)
risk factor for breast cancer
> 50, prolonged repro life, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, late childbirth, nulliparous, fam hx, jewish, BRCA1 & 2 mutation
individuals w/ the BRCA gene mutations have increased risk of which cancers
breast, ovarian, colon, pancreatic cancer & prostate in males
peau d’orange
a thickening of skin that resembles an orange peel that is a sign of breast cancer
paget’s disease of the breast
involves redness, crusting, pruritus, and tenderness of the nipple that is a characteristic of a cancerous change
how often should a women at moderate risk of breast cancer get screened
yearly mammograms starting at 45 yrs
cervical cancer risk factors
smoking, hx of STIs, HPV, two or more lifetime sexual partners, immunosuppression, genetics
condylomata
genital warts that develop from low risk HPV infection
cervical cancer clinical course
has long asym period before the disease becomes clinically evident -> commonly an abnormal pap test alerts the individual of a problem
cervical cancer screening guidelines
pap every 3 years starting at 21 yrs
colorectal cancer
-the 2nd leading cause of cancer death
-beginning at 50, all adults should have a colonoscopy every 10 years
what does colon cancer usually start as
a polyp -> a tumorous mass that projects into the intestinal lumen
colorectal cancer risk factors
obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, low fiber diet, high amount of animal fat, diets low in vit A/C/E, ulcerative colitis, heavy alcohol use
symptoms of colorectal cancer
fatigue, weakness, wt loss, IDA, changes in bowel habits, melena, diarrhea, constipation
what do lower bowel cancer present with
hematochezia (rectal bleeding) and narrowing of stool caliber
