intro to pathophys (325E1) Flashcards
pharmacology
the study of the biological effect of drugs that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change
pharmacokinetics
what happens to drugs in the body (has 4 components)
pharmacodynamics
what the drugs do in the body and their mechanism of action (how do they get in -> what they do during -> how they get out)
chemical name
a long and complex name usually used in the beginning of research (ex: N-acetyl-para-aminopheol)
Generic name
what we will be tested on official name of drug, only 1 generic name, all lower cased (ex: acetaminophen)
trade name
brand name given by pharmaceutical companies, it is easier to remember & pronounce and it is Upper cased (ex: Tylenol)
Prototype
the first drug of a new medication and it represents the class new drugs within the same class will be tested against it (ex: cvs brand Tylenol was compared to the OG tylenol)
therapeutic effects
the intended effect of the drug that we want to happen (ex: take Tylenol to reduce fever & fever reduces)
side effects
unintended effects that are unavoidable (ex: Tylenol will cause a stomach ache)
adverse effects
unexpected and dangerous reactions (used interchangeably with w/ side effects in this class)
allergic reaction
unexpected and dangerous reaction caused by an immune system response
toxicities
harmful effects based on the level of the drug in the system
what do we need to know with each medication
name (generic), classification (beta blocker or ace inhibitor), mechanism of action, indications (Tylenol for pain), common/serious side effects, contraindications (ppl w/ liver failure can’t have Tylenol), nursing indications (what should the nurse be worried about)
what organization approves medications
food and drug administration
preclinical trails
tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects
phase I studies
human volunteers are used to test the drug (the people are healthy)
phase II studies
drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat (give new bp med to person w/ abnormal BP)
phase IV studies
continued evaluation by the FDA (no longer need signed consent but can still add precautions)
Controlled substances: schedule 1
not approved for medical use, there is no reason to ever prescribe it bc they have no therapeutic effects (ex: heroin, LSD)
Controlled substances: schedule 2
used medically but high potential for abuse, no automatic refills (ex: opioids/narcotics, amphetamines aka oxy, hydromorphone, oxy cotton)
Controlled substances: schedule 3
used medically and less potential for abuse but still a risk (ex: non barbiturate sedatives, non amphetamines, stimulants, lortab, vicodin)
Controlled substances: schedule 4
some potential for abuse but not very likely, tend to be sedatives and anti anxiety meds (xanax, valium, ambien)
Controlled substances: schedule 5
low potential for abuse, meds that contain small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives (cough suppressants w/ codeine, ephendrine containing meds)
what schedule are narcotics
schedule 2 -> no auto refills watch closely
how many classes of over the counter meds and what do they include
80 ; antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives
what is the qualification for a drug to be classified as over the courter and then sold
“consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily” , meds are low risk for side effects & abuse (no medical background needed to understand med function
why are some OTC meds only sold by the pharmacy
due to abuse possibility (ex: can use sudafed to make meth)
what claims can be used for dietary and herbal supplements
affect on body structure or function (cannot say they treat anything, they do not have to give a MOA and they don’t have to say how it works)
what claims cannot be used for dietary and herbal supplements
used for a medical condition (ex: st.john’s wort affects emotions balance is allowed but it cannot say treats depression)
are dietary and herbal supplements monitored for the FDA
no
what are the possibly adverse interactions between drugs and herbal products
increase the toxicity of prescription meds or decrease prescription meds therapeutic effect
nursing teaching points for dietary and herbal supplements
when getting a medication history always ask specifically about other medications, supplements, OTC meds, herbals, vitamins, etc
teratogens
substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetuses
examples of teratogens
alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, certain drugs
teratogens: category A
safe for fetus (ex: acetaminophen)
teratogens: category B
usually safe but need to double check bc they lack studies to show benefit/risk
teratogens: category C
no studies on humans but animal studies show possible risk so need to consult OB
teratogens: category D
drugs that have possible risk to the fetus (if prescribed there needs to be a huge benefit to mother, OB weighs costs and benefits)
teratogens: category X
drugs that have known risk that cannot be outweighed by possible benefit, pt usually have to be on bc to take (ex: thalidomine, chemo, istretinoin/retin A aka accutane)
pharmacogenomics
the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs; combines pharmacology & genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic make up
future outcomes of pharmacogenomics
better drugs w/ less adverse effects, pain control w/o abuse potential, cancer meds that work quicker w/ less side effects
pathophysiology
the study of disease and injury and how it affects the body
pathology
laboratory study of cells and tissues (what is the abnormal processes occurring that is causing disruption in our body)
patho is the prefix for what
abnormal
hemo is the prefix for what
blood
stasis is the suffix of what
balance or stability
disruption of homeostasis
caused by disease or injury; can be physical (heart disease), mental (depression), social (autism)
how is homeostasis shown in the body?
normal pH, temp and VS (the body and organs are functioning best)
causes of disease: intrinsic
comes from inside the body so over or under production of hormone or auto immune disease (ex: insulin in diabetes, MS, Crohns )
causes of disease: extrinsic
comes from outside the body so bacteria (staph A which causes strep) or viruses
what three things are need for a disease to occur (think the venn diagram)
susceptible host, conductive environment, and a pathogen
factors of intrinsic diseases
genes, immunity, age, gender
factors of extrinsic diseases
bacteria, viruses, injury, behaviors, stressors, fungi
what type of data are signs
objective
what type of data are symptoms
subjective
what is the process of disease (POD)
identification
occurence
diagnosis
etiology
prognosis
POD: identification
signs & and symptoms
POD: occurrence
how often and when (is it expected? ex: pt comes in w/ fever, chills and n/v in November then it is most likely the flu but these symptoms in June are not expected)
POD: diagnosis
identification (labeling the disease as what it is)
POD: etiology
cause of disease (what lead to the disease)
POD: prognosis
likelihood of recovery (back to baseline health, acute or chronic)
what are the stages of disease (SOD)
exposure
onset
remission
convalescence
SOD: exposure
where did it come from
SOD: onset
sudden? insidious (slow & gradual, more common w/ chronic disease )? latent (not active but lies and waits)? prodromal (the symptoms before the disease so chills before you get sick w/ the flu)? manifestations (S/s)?
SOD: remission
disease is no longer active
SOD: convalescence
recovering from disease, getting back to baseline Important to talk to the pt about how they are feeling
types of disease (TOD)
causes
Idiopathic
Iatrogenic
Exacerbation
TOD: idiopathic
it is unknown what caused it (we might have ideas or theories)
TOD: iatrogenic
a medical cause from some treatment (ex: pressure ulcers, c. diff, med errors)
TOD: exacerbation
“worsening of disease” acute decline in a person’s chronic disease (ex: asthma getting worsew/ an attack)
hypo
low, under, below
hyper
high, above, over
__penia
lack of, deficiency
__cytosis
refers to cell, increase
__osis
process or condition, production or increase, invasion or infection
__itis
inflammation
__pathy
disease or suffering
how do we diagnosis diseases
common symptoms; know what symptoms are common with certain disease but then also dive into the details of the symptom (ex: if you have a cough describe it fully)
